Lemon myrtle / lemon-scented myrtle essential oil (Backhousia citriodora F. Muell., Myrtaceae — Australian-Queensland-rainforest endemic; "lemon ironwood" / "sweet verbena tree" Australian colloquial) is a citral-EXTREME-DOMINANT leaf-distilled EO with CITRAL-HARD-CAP HAZARD signature (T&Y EXPLICIT max dermal 0.7% + max oral pregnancy 46 mg/d via 90% citral content × Ch.14 citral 0.6% dermal + 0.6 mg/kg oral; CRITICAL CYP2B6 inhibition drug-interaction rail T&Y EXPLICIT Table 4.11B — bupropion / efavirenz / cyclophosphamide / ifosfamide / ketamine / methadone / nevirapine; CRITICAL teratogenicity rail T&Y EXPLICIT via citral retinoic acid synthesis inhibition; CRITICAL skin-sensitization rail T&Y EXPLICIT Bonefeld 2010 + IFRA 2009 0.6% body-oils dermal cap). B216 Ch.13 p.713 cites Southwell et al 2000 chemistry: Geranial 46.1–60.7% (major-dominant) + Neral 32.0–40.9% (secondary, geometric isomer of geranial — combined CITRAL ≈ 78–100%) + Isogeranial 1.0–4.2% + Isoneral 0.6–2.7% + 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 0.1–2.5% + Linalool 0.3–1.0%. Hazard signature B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Hazards: Drug interaction; teratogenicity; skin sensitization." Cautions all routes B216 EXPLICIT: "Drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 (Appendix B)." Cautions oral B216 EXPLICIT: "Diabetes medication, pregnancy." Cautions dermal B216 EXPLICIT: "Hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin, children under 2 years of age." Maximum daily oral dose in pregnancy: 46 mg (T&Y EXPLICIT). Maximum dermal use level: 0.7% (T&Y EXPLICIT — derived from 90% citral × Ch.14 citral 0.6%). IFRA 2009 EXPLICIT maximum dermal use level for citral 0.6% for body oils + lotions to avoid skin sensitization. Adverse skin reactions B216 EXPLICIT: Veien 2004 0/217 dermatitis patients reactive at 2% (clinical-clean rail at 2%); Burke 2004 31 children mean age 4.6yr 10% in olive oil 21 days no significant adverse effects (clinical pediatric clean rail at 10%); Hayes & Markovic 2003 100µL undiluted 12hr only neral + geranial detected in skin; histopathological skin changes suggested mild skin irritation + corrosion; calculated 70 kg adult absorbed 0.02 mg/kg + 10 kg child 0.14 mg/kg — both BELOW NOAEL 0.5 mg/L. Citral sensitization rail T&Y EXPLICIT: patch testing >0.5% can induce sensitization, allegedly inhibited by co-presence of (+)-limonene OR α-pinene (B216 Ch.14). Reproductive toxicity B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Citral is dose-dependently teratogenic because it inhibits retinoic acid synthesis, and this can affect fetal development (see Citral profile, Chapter 14)." Cardiovascular effects B216 EXPLICIT: Modak & Mukhopadhaya 2011 citral 10/15/20 mg/kg/day 28 days dose-dependently lowered plasma insulin + increased glucose tolerance in obese rats → antidiabetic-medication interaction rail T&Y Table 4.10B. Carcinogenic-dual-class rail B216 EXPLICIT: Hayes & Markovic 2002 strongly cytotoxic vs HepG2 (liver) + F1-73 (epithelial) + skin fibroblasts; NOAEL calculated 0.5 mg/L at 24hr; citral anticarcinogenic-class also documented per Ch.14 → cytotoxic + anticarcinogenic dual-class rail. Drug interactions B216 EXPLICIT: "Antidiabetic medication... See Table 4.10B. Since citral inhibits CYP2B6 (Table 4.11B), there is a theoretical risk of interaction between lemon myrtle oil and drugs metabolized by this enzyme (Appendix B)." Quality rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "May be adulterated with synthetic citral." Comments + commercial-emergence rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "If 10 mL of lemon myrtle oil was to come into contact with the skin accidentally, concentrations of neral and geranial in the body could be as high as 2.0 mg/kg in an adult and 14.0 mg/kg in a child. This would exceed the NOAEL (Hayes & Markovic 2003). Lemon myrtle oil became commercially available in 1997." → CRITICAL accidental-spill-emergency rail = 10 mL undiluted skin contact exceeds NOAEL especially in child — first-aid-protocol rail mandatory. Citral-EXTREME-DOMINANT class-rail (78–100%): combined geranial + neral + isogeranial + isoneral citral-isomer-cluster — class-shared with [[lemongrass]] EO042 (West Indian) ~77% citral + East Indian ~83% citral + verbena lemon ~26.7% citral + [[may-chang]] EO057 (Litsea cubeba) 73.8% citral + [[lemon-balm]] EO759 23c citral 17.6% — HIGHEST citral content EO in commercial trade per B216 EXPLICIT "< 90.0% sources >1.0%"; class-leader citral-DOMINANT-EO peer cluster. Lemon-scented-EO-cluster rail: lemon myrtle (this oil — citral 78–100%) class-shared with [[lemon-balm]] EO759 23c Eucalyptus staigeriana citral 17.6% (lemon-scented Australian Myrtaceae cousin) + lemongrass East/West Indian + may-chang/litsea + lemon-tea-tree Leptospermum petersonii + verbena lemon — Myrtaceae-genus-Backhousia + Eucalyptus + Leptospermum cross-genus citral-DOMINANT cluster all from Australia + Asia. Australian Myrtaceae endemic-class rail: B. citriodora Queensland-rainforest endemic; class-shared with [[fragonia]] EO727 19a + manuka Leptospermum scoparium + kanuka Kunzea ericoides EO749 22b + many Australian Myrtaceae endemic genera. Myrtaceae-CITRAL-CT class-rail: B. citriodora (this oil — citral-CT) vs Backhousia anisata myrtle-aniseed (estragole 4.4%-CT) vs Eucalyptus staigeriana lemon-balm EO759 (citral 17.6% chemotype) — same-family Myrtaceae but radically different chemistry + safety profile. Continues Mini-Batch 26b heterogeneity-progression (Myricaceae-clean myrtle-bog EO775 → Myrtaceae-citral-HARD-CAP myrtle-lemon [this oil] → Cyperaceae-clean nagarmotha EO777).
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Backhousia citriodora F. Muell.
- Họ thực vật
- Myrtaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Leaves
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Intense-lemon, citral-EXTREME-DOMINANT, fresh-clean, sweet-lemon, geranial-major, neral-secondary, lemon-candy, lemonade-like, lemon-zest-concentrated, Backhousia citriodora signature, Australian-Queensland-rainforest-endemic, lemon-class-leader
Hương chanh đậm đặc, citral cực đại chiếm ưu thế, hương tươi sạch, chanh ngọt, geranial chiếm ưu thế chính, neral phụ, mùi kẹo chanh, mùi nước chanh, hương vỏ chanh đậm đặc, đặc trưng Backhousia citriodora, đặc hữu rừng nhiệt đới Queensland Úc, dẫn đầu lớp chanh
2–4 giờ
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Citral fraction (geranial + neral, 78–100% combined) disrupts viral membrane integrity; a controlled pediatric clinical trial demonstrated significant molluscum contagiosum lesion clearance over 21 days of topical application.
Ref: Burke et al 2004
Geranial and neral (dominant aldehydes, 78–100% total) exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity via disruption of microbial cell membrane integrity and inhibition of essential enzyme systems.
Ref: B216 Ch.14 citral profile (Tisserand & Young 2014)
Citral aldehydes impair fungal membrane function through interference with ergosterol-dependent biosynthetic pathways; class mechanism shared across citral-dominant Myrtaceae and Poaceae essential oils.
Ref: class-extrapolation from citral-dominant EO class per B216 Ch.14 citral profile
Citral at 10–20 mg/kg/day modulated fasting blood glucose in a 28-day rat model, suggesting possible insulin-sensitising or metabolic pathway involvement; no human clinical evidence established.
Ref: Modak & Mukhopadhaya 2011; B216 Table 4.10B
High citral content (78–100%) provides olfactory deterrence against mosquitoes and other arthropods via receptor-mediated aversion; class mechanism shared with other citral-dominant oils such as lemongrass.
Ref: class-extrapolation from high-citral EO class per Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
Citral induces glutathione S-transferase activity and displays in-vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines; strictly a research-class signal with no in-vivo or clinical evidence supporting therapeutic use.
Ref: B216 Ch.14 citral profile (anticarcinogenic-class citation)
AI-summary
The strongest controlled evidence is Burke et al 2004 (31 children, mean age 4.6yr): a controlled trial of 10% lemon myrtle oil in olive oil applied topically over 21 days for molluscum contagiosum, with significant lesion clearance. Critically, the 10% concentration exceeds the TY adult safe maximum (0.7%) by ~14-fold, and the study population (children) is now a contraindicated group per Tisserand & Young 2014. Veien et al 2004 showed 0/217 reactors at 2% patch testing, providing partial reassurance of sensitisation risk profile. Hayes & Markovic 2002 established a cytotoxicity NOAEL of 0.5 mg/L in HepG2 and skin fibroblast cell lines; Hayes & Markovic 2003 demonstrated geranial and neral penetration at below-NOAEL levels following 100µL undiluted 12hr dermal exposure in adult and child models, suggesting manageable systemic absorption at safe dilutions.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Uplifting, Stimulating
Chakra
solar
Ngũ hành
moc
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 2-3 drops per 100ml water in ultrasonic diffuser | Phương pháp được ưu tiên — tránh tiếp xúc da và rủi ro nhạy cảm. Khuếch tán 30-60 phút/lần. Không dùng quanh trẻ nhỏ hoặc phụ nữ mang thai. Do not use steam diffusers with this oil. |
| Topical massage | 0.5–0.7% in carrier oil (max 4-5 drops per 30ml carrier) | CONTRAINDICATED: pregnancy + children. Do NOT exceed 0.7% adult cap (TY 2014). Avoid on damaged or sensitised skin. Patch test 24hr before use. Use fractionated coconut or jojoba. |
| Skincare formulation | 0.5% max in leave-on products; 0.6% max in rinse-off (IFRA 2009) | IFRA 2009 hard cap 0.6% body oils/lotions. CONTRAINDICATED: children + pregnancy. Minimum concentration only. Verify GC/MS — synthetic citral adulteration common (TY quality flag). |
| Steam inhalation | 1 drop in bowl of hot water; inhale 5-10 minutes with towel tent | Avoids dermal sensitisation risk. For antimicrobial aromatic use in adults only. Caution in asthma — high citral may irritate airways if overused. AVOID in pregnancy and around children. |
| Room spray | 3-5 drops per 50ml distilled water with dispersant | Effective air-freshening and surface-antimicrobial application. Shake before use — citral is not water-soluble. Ensure adequate ventilation. Suitable where skin contact is not intended. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Kết hợp tốt với
Blend kinh điển
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
Xem chi tiết
Giới hạn IFRA
Xem chi tiết
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
Bảo quản
Bảo quản nơi tối, mát