- "Bergamot" without qualifier usually means EXPRESSED bergamot — and that form is THE textbook phototoxic oil. For any daytime / sun-exposed product, switch to the FCF variant ([[bergamot-fcf]]).
- Expressed cap = 0.4% in leave-on sun-exposed products (IFRA 2009 + EU SCCNFP 15 ppm bergapten rule). Non-negotiable. This cap OVERRIDES the general [[dilution]] adult 2–3% whenever bergamot expressed is in a formula.
- Phototoxicity is driven by bergapten (5-MOP) 0.11–0.33% + bergamottin 0.68–2.75% in the non-volatile fraction. Documented full-thickness burns + berloque dermatitis in clinical record (Opdyke 1973, Clark & Wilkinson 1998, Kaddu et al 2001).
- Limonene-rich (27–52%) → oxidation-sensitive. Store dark / cool / airtight; add antioxidant in formulations. Oxidized bergamot is a skin sensitizer via limonene peroxide formation — this risk is independent of the phototox issue.
- Not hazardous in pregnancy per T&Y reasoning (low developmental toxicity of limonene + linalool, Ch.14). No oral or dermal contraindication for the oil itself — but the 0.4% phototox cap still applies during pregnancy if used dermally + sun-exposed.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit.
- Họ thực vật
- Rutaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fruit peel
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Cold expression
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
3/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Citrus
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
fresh citrus, delicate floral, slight bitterness, Earl Grey tea, uplifting
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
cam tươi, hoa tinh tế, nhẹ đắng, lá trà Earl Grey, sảng khoái
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
3/5
Da khô
2/5
Da dầu/mụn
3/5
Da lão hóa
2/5
Da thường
3/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
3/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Cam bergamot — ép lạnh
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
anxiolytic / sedating
Linalool and linalyl acetate (combined ~35–50% of expressed oil per Verzera et al 1998 / Dugo et al 1999b) modulate GABA-A receptor activity and attenuate cortisol-mediated stress signalling on inhalation.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.469–471
antidepressant / mood-elevating
(+)-Limonene (dominant volatile constituent per Lawrence 1989, 1993) acts on monoaminergic pathways; limonene-rich citrus inhalation studies link elevated serotonin and dopamine metabolite levels to mood improvement.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13; class-extrapolation from (+)-limonene profile B216 Ch.14
antimicrobial — broad spectrum
Linalool and (+)-limonene disrupt bacterial membrane integrity and inhibit cell-wall synthesis; constituent-level class evidence from limonene-rich citrus essential oils.
Ref: class-extrapolation from linalool-rich oils; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
carminative / digestive tonic
(+)-Limonene and linalyl acetate promote smooth-muscle relaxation in the GI tract, traditionally applied to relieve flatulence, cramping, and digestive sluggishness.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13; class-extrapolation from (+)-limonene profile B216 Ch.14
anticarcinogenic (in vitro, constituent-level)
In-vitro assays show antiproliferative activity attributable to (+)-limonene and select non-volatile bergamot constituents; in-vivo translation to the expressed EO has not been established.
Ref: Zani et al 1991; Lam & Zheng 1991; Sawamura 2010; Berliocchi et al 2011
photosensitising / photocarcinogenic (hazard)
Bergapten (5-MOP) and related furanocoumarins in the non-volatile fraction intercalate DNA on UV-A (320–380 nm) exposure, forming covalent adducts; confirmed in patch-test series and mouse photocarcinogenesis models.
Ref: Opdyke 1973 p.1031–1033; Clark & Wilkinson 1998; Nettelblad et al 1996; Cocks & Wilson 1998; Kaddu et al 2001; Zajdela & Bisagni 1981; Young et al 1983, 1990
AI-summary
The §13 literature for bergamot expressed centres on phototoxicity documentation rather than therapeutic RCTs. Opdyke (1973) confirmed phototoxicity in controlled patch-test models; Clark & Wilkinson (1998), Nettelblad et al (1996), Cocks & Wilson (1998), and Kaddu et al (2001) document real-world phototoxic reactions. Mouse photocarcinogenesis studies (Zajdela & Bisagni 1981; Young et al 1983, 1990) established the bergapten-driven mechanism underpinning the IFRA 0.4% and SCCNFP 15 ppm regulatory caps. In-vitro anticarcinogenic assays (Zani et al 1991; Lam & Zheng 1991; Berliocchi et al 2011) show opposing constituent activities but no in-vivo correlation. Anxiolytic and mood-elevating uses widely attributed to bergamot EO are supported at constituent level (linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene) but no RCT specific to the expressed oil appears in the cited §13 literature.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Uplifting, Calming
anxietyjoymelancholyopennessconfidenceclarity
Chakra
heart
Ngũ hành
moc
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 3–5 drops in 100 ml water, 30–60 min sessions | Safest route — no phototoxicity risk. Ideal for mood support, anxiety, and stress relief. Avoid prolonged diffusion in small unventilated spaces. |
| Inhalation (personal inhaler) | 2–3 drops on inhaler wick or tissue, 3–5 min | Suitable for acute stress, low mood, or pre-sleep calming. No phototoxicity risk via inhalation route. |
| Topical massage | ≤0.4% in carrier (sun-exposed areas); ≤2% on covered body areas | Phototoxic: avoid UV-A for ≥12 h post-application. IFRA 2009 leave-on cap 0.4% on sun-exposed skin. Prefer bergamot FCF for routine topical use. Dilute in jojoba or sweet almond. |
| Bath | 4–6 drops dispersed in 1 tsp carrier or full-fat milk before adding to water | Disperse in emulsifier before adding to bath to prevent neat-oil skin contact. Avoid sun exposure after without thorough rinsing. Reserve for evening use if outdoor activity planned next morning. |
| Skincare (leave-on) | ≤0.4% on sun-exposed areas; ≤2% on covered areas | Prefer bergamot FCF for all leave-on face and body products. If expressed oil used, restrict to evening formulations on non-sun-exposed areas. SCCNFP 15 ppm bergapten limit applies in EU cosmetics. |
| Compress (cool) | 2–3 drops in 500 ml cool water, soak cloth, apply 10–15 min | For headache or mild fever relief; apply only to non-sun-exposed areas. Do not apply to face if followed by sun exposure within 12 h. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaNon-comedogenic liquid wax ideal for oily and combination skin; quick-sinking base that minimises surface residue on areas that may be exposed to sunlight post-application.
Sweet Almond OilClassic light carrier with mild emollient properties; low comedogenic rating suits dry to normal skin in bergamot massage blends.
Fractionated Coconut OilColourless, fast-absorbing medium-chain triglyceride; excellent dispersion of limonene fraction and long shelf-stability that limits oxidation-driven sensitization.
Argan OilRich in oleic acid and vitamin E antioxidants; pairs well with bergamot's balancing action for combination-to-mature skin — apply evening-only on non-sun-exposed areas.
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralWoodyHerbaceousResinousSpicy
Blend kinh điển
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[Tisserand & Young 2014, B216 Ch.13 "Bergamot expressed" p.469–471] expressed profile, phototox hazards, 0.4% cap derivation.
[IFRA 2009] 0.4% leave-on sun-exposed cap.
[SCCNFP 2000, 2005b] 15 ppm bergapten rule.
[Lawrence 1989, 1993; Verzera et al 1998; Dugo et al 1999b] constituent ranges (volatile + non-volatile fraction).
[Opdyke 1973 p.1031–1033] expressed phototox test.
[Santucci et al 1987; Meneghini et al 1971; Rudzki et al 1976] dermatitis patient patch tests.
[Clark & Wilkinson 1998; Nettelblad et al 1996; Cocks & Wilson 1998; Kaddu et al 2001] documented phototox case reports.
[Zajdela & Bisagni 1981; Young et al 1983, 1990] mouse photocarcinogenesis studies.
[Zani et al 1991; Lam & Zheng 1991; Sawamura 2010; Berliocchi et al 2011] carcinogenic / anticarcinogenic assays.
[+] Limonene profile — B216 Ch.14, for autoxidation → sensitization chain.
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