Mustard essential oil (Brassica nigra L. black mustard + Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. brown mustard, Brassicaceae = Cruciferae cabbage/mustard family) is an allyl-isothiocyanate-EXTREME-DOMINANT 23.2-92.3% organosulfur-isothiocyanate-class seed-distilled (after fermentation) EO that is CONTRAINDICATED FOR ALL ROUTES per B216-T&Y EXPLICIT verbatim "Should not be used, either internally or externally" + PROHIBITED IN FRAGRANCES BY IFRA + PROHIBITED AS COSMETIC INGREDIENT IN EU per B216 EXPLICIT verbatim regulatory rails. B216 EXPLICIT hazard signature verbatim p.706: "Hazards: Toxicity; skin irritation (high risk); mucous membrane irritant (high risk)." B216 EXPLICIT contraindications verbatim p.706: "Should not be used, either internally or externally." B216 EXPLICIT safety advice verbatim p.706: "There is little doubt that the toxicity of mustard oil is largely due to its content of allyl isothiocyanate. Due to the toxicity of this constituent, and to the severe lachrymatory and irritant nature of the essential oil, we recommend that mustard oil is not used in therapy. It is possible that there are safe levels for therapeutic use, but there are no data which indicate what these levels might be." B216 EXPLICIT regulatory guidelines verbatim p.706: "Allyl isothiocyanate is prohibited in fragrances by IFRA, and as a cosmetic ingredient in the EU, which effectively means that mustard oil is similarly prohibited." B216 Ch.13 p.706 cites Zheng-kui & Ying-fang 1986 (B. nigra) + Yu et al 2003 (B. juncea) chemistry: B. nigra: Allyl isothiocyanate 23.2% (DOMINANT) + Dimethyl trisulfide 15.6% + Methyl linoleate 9.5% + 3-Butenonitrile 6.0% + 2-Phenylethyl isothiocyanate 5.0% + Methyl linolenate 4.5% + Ethyl acetate 3.8% + Methyl palmitate 3.5% + (3Z)-Hexen-1-ol 3.3% + 3-Phenylpropionitrile 2.3% + Ethyl pentadecanoate 1.4% + Furfural 1.3% + 2-Methylpent-2-enal 1.0%; B. juncea: Allyl isothiocyanate 54.8-68.8% EXTREME-DOMINANT (chemotype shift) + Diallyl trisulfide 7.8-9.7% + 3-Butenyl isothiocyanate 4.8-5.9% + Diallyl sulfide 3.2-5.5% + Diallyl disulfide 2.7-4.1% + Butyl isothiocyanate 0-3.6% + Phenylethyl isothiocyanate 2.4-3.4% + Diallyl tetrasulfide 0.7-3.3%. Adulteration rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim quality: "Allyl isothiocyanate may be passed off as mustard oil (Burfield 2003)." Severe-irritant rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim p.706-707: "Mustard oil is said to be a severe skin irritant, producing almost instant blistering (Leung & Foster 2003). Allyl isothiocyanate is similarly described as a severe irritant to skin and mucous membranes (Evans & Schmidt 1980; Budavari 1989)." Reproductive-toxicity rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information found. Allyl isothiocyanate caused embryonic death and decreased fetal weight in pregnant rats when given at 50 mg/kg sc on two consecutive days (Nishie & Daxenbichler 1980)." Acute-toxicity rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information found. Allyl isothiocyanate acute oral LD50 is 340 mg/kg in rats, producing jaundice (Jenner et al 1964). It is orally toxic to rat liver, thymus, kidney and blood at 40 mg/kg (Lewerenz et al 1988). Goitrogenic in rats at 2-4 mg po (Langer & Stolc 1965)." Subacute-toxicity rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Given to rats at 50 mg/kg in the diet for 20 days, allyl isothiocyanate caused stomach ulceration in all animals... At 50 mg/kg for 14 days, it caused thickening of the mucosal surface of the stomach in both rats and mice, and thickening of the urinary bladder wall in male mice." Carcinogenic rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Mustard oil was not mutagenic in the Ames test but produced CA in Chinese hamster fibroblasts (Ishidate et al 1984)... Allyl isothiocyanate was genotoxic in tests on Chinese hamster cells (Kasamaki et al 1982). It can cause hyperplasia and transitional cell papillomas in male rats (Dunnick et al 1982)." Comments + glycoside-precursor + extreme-content rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Zhu et al (1995) reports a Brassica juncea oil consisting of 92.3% allyl isothiocyanate, and Burfield (2000) states that mustard oils can contain up to 97% of this compound. Mustard is one of the most hazardous essential oils. The oil is not present in the free state in the seed or powdered seed, but in the form of glycosides, so preparations made from these by mechanical means (i.e. pressing) do not contain allyl isothiocyanate. The essential oil is only formed after fermentation, then distillation. When the mustard comes into contact with water, this hydrolyses sinigrin, a glycoside contained within the seeds' cells under the influence of myrosinase, an enzyme which is also present. White mustard seeds do not produce any allyl isothiocyanate under these conditions (Arctander 1960). The fixed oil from the seeds is also known as mustard oil." → CRITICAL CONTRAINDICATED-ALL-ROUTES + IFRA-PROHIBITED + EU-COSMETIC-PROHIBITED status parallels [[jaborandi]] EO747 22a (Rutaceae Pilocarpus CONTRAINDICATED-ALL EU+Canada-prohibited UK-pharmacy-only-since-1968) + [[laurel-berry]] EO757 23c (Lauraceae Laurus nobilis CONTRAINDICATED-SKIN EU+Canada-cosmetic-PROHIBITED methyleugenol-carcinogen-class) + [[boldo]] EO692 15a (Monimiaceae Peumus boldus CONTRAINDICATED-ALL ascaridole-class) + [[birch-tar]] EO689 14b (Betulaceae Betula PAH-pyrolysate-rail CONTRAINDICATED-ALL) + [[cade-unrectified]] EO699 15c+d (Cupressaceae PAH-pyrolysate CONTRAINDICATED-ALL) + [[karo-karoundé]] EO750 22b (Rubiaceae benzyl-cyanide T&Y EXPLICIT 0.2% dermal cap + EU PROHIBITION) — class-rail "most hazardous essential oils" cluster per B216 EXPLICIT verbatim. Allyl-isothiocyanate organosulfur-isothiocyanate-class chemistry is class-distinct from organosulfur-disulfide-class ([[garlic]] EO731 19b dipropyl-class extreme + [[leek]] EO758 23c dipropyl/dipropyl-trisulfide 78% extreme + [[asafoetida]] disulfide-class anticoagulant rail) — allyl-isothiocyanate produces severe-blistering+severe-mucous-
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Brassica nigra L. (black) + Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (brown)
- Họ thực vật
- Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
- Bộ phận dùng
- Black or brown mustard seeds
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation (after fermentation/myrosinase hydrolysis of sinigrin)
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Pungent-lachrymatory-tear-gas, allyl-isothiocyanate-EXTREME-DOMINANT, severe-irritant-skin-and-mucous-membranes (B216 verbatim "almost instant blistering"), organosulfur-trisulfide-secondary, fermentation-derived-character, condiment-pungent-mustard-character extreme intensification, HAZARD: not for therapeutic perfumery use per IFRA + EU regulatory rails
Cay nồng độc đặc trưng tear-gas, allyl isothiocyanate chiếm ưu thế cực cao, kích ứng nghiêm trọng da và niêm mạc (B216 verbatim "phồng rộp gần như tức thì"), organosulfur trisulfide phụ tầng, đặc trưng sinh ra từ lên men, đặc trưng mù tạt gia vị cay tăng cường cực độ, CẢNH BÁO: KHÔNG dùng cho mục đích trị liệu hoặc nước hoa theo quy định IFRA + EU
2–4 giờ
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
AITC activates TRPA1 thermoreceptor channels, producing intense local warming and vasodilation; this mechanism underlies traditional mustard plaster (sinapism) applications used before modern toxicological evaluation.
Ref: Arctander 1960 (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.707); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.706-707
AITC showed chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors in mice via transplacental and translactational exposure; diallyl sulfide constituents show in vitro anticarcinogenic signals.
Ref: Hashim et al 1998; B216 Ch.14 Diallyl trisulfide/disulfide profiles (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.707)
Undiluted AITC causes near-instant epidermal vesication and tissue destruction via direct cytotoxicity; no safe dermal threshold has been established at any dilution level.
Ref: Leung & Foster 2003; Evans & Schmidt 1980; Budavari 1989 (all cited in B216 Ch.13 p.706)
AITC at 0.125% concentration produces significant mucous membrane irritation; inhalation of vapours causes severe respiratory tract injury with no safe exposure level identified.
Ref: Simons et al 2003; Von Skramlik 1959 (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.707)
AITC administration to pregnant rats caused embryonic death and decreased fetal weight; basis for absolute contraindication in pregnancy by all exposure routes.
Ref: Nishie & Daxenbichler 1980 (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.707)
AITC at 2–4 mg/kg oral dose in rats produced goitrogenic effects indicating thyroid gland interference; any oral exposure is considered hazardous.
Ref: Langer & Stolc 1965 (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.707)
AI-summary
No RCT-grade clinical evidence for mustard EO therapeutic use exists. Tisserand & Young (2014, B216 Ch.13 p.706) classify it as "one of the most hazardous essential oils"; it is prohibited by IFRA and the EU Cosmetics Directive. All safety data are toxicological. Preclinical evidence (Hashim et al 1998) showed transplacental/translactational chemopreventive activity of AITC in DMBA-tumor mouse models — not a therapeutic claim. AITC genotoxicity was reported in Chinese hamster cells (Kasamaki et al 1982); bladder/gastric histopathology in rats was documented (National Toxicology Program 1982; Dunnick et al 1982). A 26-week dietary study (Hagan et al 1967) showed no apparent adverse effects at low dietary doses, but this confers no safety margin for EO application. No clinical aromatherapy application can be recommended.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating
Chakra
solar
Ngũ hành
kim
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| All routes — CONTRAINDICATED | 0% — do not apply | IFRA-prohibited and EU Cosmetics Directive-prohibited. Topical, oral, and inhalation exposure all pose acute severe hazard. No self-application route is safe at any dilution. |
| Professional / academic reference only | Not applicable for aromatherapy | In licensed laboratory or research contexts only: fume hood, nitrile gloves, eye protection required. AITC is a potent lachrymator. Not for dispensing or aromatherapy practice. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Kết hợp tốt với
Blend kinh điển
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
Xem chi tiết
Giới hạn IFRA
Xem chi tiết
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
Bảo quản
Bảo quản nơi tối, mát