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Tinh dầu địa liền maraba

Maraba

Kaempferia galanga L.

Top/MiddleGia vị

Hương quế-cinnamate ấm (signature), ngọt cay rhizome, the mát camphor nhẹ, hơi dược liệu cineole, nền nhẹ powdery-pentadecane, đặc trưng địa liền Việt + kencur Indonesia

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Tóm Tắt Khoa Học

Từ Thư Viện Kinh Điển

Maraba essential oil (Kaempferia galanga L., Zingiberaceae = ginger family — same family as turmeric Curcuma longa + ginger Zingiber officinale + cardamom Elettaria cardamomum + galangal Alpinia galanga + [[longoza]] EO761 24a Hedychium coronarium + [[ginger-lily]] EO734 H. coronarium + [[galangal-greater]] EO729 19a + [[galangal-lesser]] EO730 19b + [[finger-root]] EO718 17c + [[mango-ginger]] EO764 24b Curcuma amada) is a ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate-EXTREME-DOMINANCE rhizomes-distilled aromatic-ester-RARE-class EO with CLEAN T&Y "None known × 2" hazard signature framework 5%. B216 Ch.13 p.688 cites Wong et al 1992; Zhu et al 1993 chemistry: *ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate 49.5–51.6% (extreme-dominant) + pentadecane 9.0–21.6% (variable secondary) + (E)-ethyl cinnamate 13.2–16.5% + 1,8-cineole 0.9–5.7% + ethyl (Z)-p-methoxycinnamate 0–3.6% + δ-3-carene 0.6–3.3% + borneol 1.0–2.7% + anethole 0–2.6%**. Hazard signature: T&Y verbatim "Hazards: None known. Contraindications: None known." CRITICAL physical-state-instability rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "On standing, the oil deposits crystals of ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate (Burfield 2000 p283)." → First-ever-ingested EO with EXPLICIT crystallization-on-storage rail — physical-state-instability marker (cool storage triggers ethyl methoxycinnamate crystallization out of solution); class-rail-unique among 765 EOs ingested. 5-synonyms genus-disambiguation rail B216 EXPLICIT: "False galangal, false ginger, small galangal, resurrection lily" — distinguishes Kaempferia galanga from Alpinia galanga galangal-greater EO729 19a + Alpinia officinarum galangal-lesser EO730 19b (different Alpinia genus, different chemistry); also Indonesian-Malay traditional kencur + Indian kunyit culinary-medicinal heritage centuries. Adverse-skin-reactions clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for maraba oil, pentadecane or ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate." Acute-toxicity clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for maraba oil, pentadecane or ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate." Carcinogen-class-rail clean B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for maraba oil, but it contains no known carcinogens." Aromatic-ester-class-RARE-signature: Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate 49.5–51.6% + (E)-ethyl cinnamate 13.2–16.5% + ethyl (Z)-p-methoxycinnamate 0–3.6% combined ethyl-cinnamate-class 62.7–71.7% — aromatic-cinnamate-ester chemistry RARE among 765 EOs; class-distinct from monoterpene-HC (longoza, lovage-seed), sesquiterpene-DOMINANT (mango-ginger, turmeric, ginger), oxide-rich (galangal cineole), and phenylpropanoid-isoeugenol (ginger-lily) — 6th distinct chemistry class in Zingiberaceae rhizome multi-batch cluster. Pentadecane 9.0–21.6% variable secondary — long-chain n-alkane C15H32 (saturated hydrocarbon); class-rail unusual constituent (most EOs have minor or no n-alkanes; maraba has 9-22% pentadecane). Cross-batch Zingiberaceae-rhizome-3-in-a-row CLOSING: [[longoza]] EO761 24a (β-pinene 30-52% + α-pinene 18-24% monoterpene-hydrocarbon-class extreme-dominance) → [[mango-ginger]] EO764 24b (ar-curcumene 28.1% + β-curcumene 11.2% sesquiterpene-DOMINANT) → [[maraba]] EO765 24b (ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate 49.5–51.6% aromatic-ester-RARE-class) — closes 3-in-a-row Zingiberaceae rhizome cross-batch run with 3 radically different chemistry classes across 3 genera (Hedychium + Curcuma + Kaempferia). Closes Mini-Batch 24b heterogeneity-progression clean-trio-RESET.

🌿
Thận trọngNốt Top/MiddleAromatic-cinnamate-spicy-Zingiberaceae + warm-rhizome-character + fresh-camphoraceous-undert...

Maraba

Tinh dầu địa liền maraba

Kaempferia galanga L.

Tinh dầu địa liền maraba — Aromatic-cinnamate-spicy-Zingiberaceae + warm-rhizome-character + fresh-camphoraceous-undert...

⚠️Tinh dầu này cần thận trọng khi sử dụng. Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn an toàn.

Tổng Quan

Danh pháp khoa học
Kaempferia galanga L.
Họ thực vật
Zingiberaceae
Bộ phận dùng
Rhizomes
Phương pháp chiết xuất
steam_distillation
Màu sắc
Phân loại nốt hương
Nốt Top/Middle
Hương thơm
Chemotype / Cultivar

Các quốc gia sản xuất chính

IndonesiaMalaysiaIndiaChinaVietnam

Tình trạng tại Việt Nam

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Phân loại nốt
Top-Middle
Cường độ
3/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Aromatic-cinnamate-spicy-Zingiberaceae + warm-rhizome-character + fresh-camphoraceous-undert...
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)

Warm-aromatic-cinnamate (signature), sweet-spicy-rhizome, fresh-camphoraceous-undertone, slightly-medicinal-cineole, powdery-soft-base, distinctive Indonesian-kencur character

Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)

Hương quế-cinnamate ấm (signature), ngọt cay rhizome, the mát camphor nhẹ, hơi dược liệu cineole, nền nhẹ powdery-pentadecane, đặc trưng địa liền Việt + kencur Indonesia

Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)

2–4 giờ

Cường độ hương
3/5
Da khô
3/5

Da dầu/mụn
2/5

Da lão hóa
4/5

Da thường
4/5

Da nhạy cảm
2/5

Da hỗn hợp
3/5

Nhập khẩuImported

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

Tinh dầu địa liền maraba

Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp

Anti-inflammatory

Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate (49.5–51.6%) belongs to the cinnamic acid ester class documented for anti-inflammatory activity; traditional kencur preparations in Indonesian jamu specifically target inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688; class-extrapolation from cinnamic acid ester class

Analgesic (mild)

Centuries of K. galanga rhizome use in Indonesian, Malay, Vietnamese, and Indian traditional medicine for pain relief is consistent with the aromatic ester dominant profile and Zingiberaceae class antinociceptive activity.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688

Antimicrobial — broad spectrum

Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate and co-dominant E-ethyl cinnamate (13.2–16.5%) form an ethyl cinnamate class at 62.7–71.7%, a rare dominance pattern with antimicrobial properties consistent with the cinnamic acid ester class.

Ref: Class-extrapolation from cinnamic acid ester class; Wong et al 1992; Zhu et al 1993; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688

Carminative / digestive tonic

Traditional kencur preparations across Indonesian, Malay, Vietnamese, and Indian systems are applied to digestive complaints (flatulence, nausea, indigestion), consistent with the warm-spicy aromatic character of the dominant ester profile.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688

Antispasmodic

Aromatic esters as a class display smooth-muscle relaxant properties; the dominant ethyl cinnamate class at 62.7–71.7% may contribute to antispasmodic activity consistent with digestive and respiratory applications.

Ref: Class-extrapolation from aromatic ester class; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688

Expectorant / respiratory support

Traditional K. galanga use in kencur preparations for cough, asthma, and upper respiratory conditions across multiple Asian systems; aromatic ester volatility supports effective inhalation delivery.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.688

AI-summary

Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence specifically for maraba EO located. The dominant chemistry (ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate 49.5–51.6%; ethyl cinnamate class 62.7–71.7%) is characterized in Wong et al 1992 and Zhu et al 1993 (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688). Therapeutic indications derive from centuries of K. galanga rhizome use in Indonesian jamu (kencur), Malay (cekur), Vietnamese (địa liền), and Indian (chandramula) traditional medicine, primarily for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, digestive, and respiratory applications. T&Y clean safety profile (hazards and contraindications both 'none known') supports topical use at ≤5% adult dilution.

Narrative

Tâm trạng: Calming, Grounding

comfortwarmthserenitygroundingeaseintimacy

Chakra

sacral

Ngũ hành

tho

Phương phápLiều lượngGhi chú
Diffusion3-4 drops per 100ml waterSpicy-warm, earthy-aromatic character; warming ambient diffusion 30-60 min/session; blends well with ginger, cardamom, and base-note Zingiberaceae family oils.
Topical massage1-2% in carrier oil (approx. 1-2 drops per 5ml carrier)For localized anti-inflammatory and analgesic use; max 5% adult; warm carrier before applying; avoid broken or acutely inflamed skin; jojoba or sweet almond recommended.
Steam inhalation2-3 drops in bowl of hot water (approx. 500ml)Cover head with towel; inhale 5-10 min; for upper respiratory congestion; use fresh oil at room temperature to avoid crystallization clogging the bowl.
Warm compress3-4 drops pre-dispersed in carrier, added to 500ml warm waterApply soaked cloth to joint or muscle area 10-15 min; traditional approach for inflammatory musculoskeletal conditions; pre-warm oil to room temperature first.
Dilute bath5-8 drops pre-dispersed in 1 tbsp carrier oil or bath milkAdd just before entering bath; warming character suits muscular tension recovery; use room-temperature oil to prevent crystallization; monitor skin response.

Dầu nền phù hợp

Sesame oilTraditional Ayurvedic/Unani base paired with K. galanga; warming sesame complements the spicy aromatic ester profile; good penetration for deep-tissue massage applications.
Sweet almond oilLight, nourishing, neutral carrier for full-body massage; lets maraba's distinctive aromatic ester character express clearly; widely available and well-tolerated.
Jojoba (liquid wax)Non-comedogenic, long shelf life; balances maraba's warming intensity for facial or sensitive-area blends; stable pairing for retail product formulation.
Fractionated coconut oilLightweight, colorless, rapid skin absorption; suitable for sports/muscle recovery blends; neutral character compatible with maraba's warm-spicy aromatic profile.
Grapeseed oilVery light texture, excellent slip; suitable when maraba is used for anti-inflammatory effects on combination or normal skin types; low comedogenic rating.

Kết hợp tốt với

FloralResinousWoodyEarthy

Blend kinh điển

[B216] Ch.13 p.688 Maraba profile (this is primary source)
[Wong et al 1992] Kaempferia galanga rhizome EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
[Zhu et al 1993] Kaempferia galanga rhizome EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
[Burfield 2000 p.283] "On standing, the oil deposits crystals of ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate" — physical-state-instability rail (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
[B216 Anethole profile Chapter 14] anethole class-rail (0-2.6% trace asterisk-caveat in maraba)

An Toàn

Giới hạn da tối đa

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Giới hạn IFRA

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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown

Giới hạn độ tuổi

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Bảo quản

Bảo quản nơi tối, mát

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Hồ Sơ Hoá Học Chi Tiết
§3 Chemical Profile — chemotype, constituent ranges, adulteration

Per Wong et al 1992; Zhu et al 1993 cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688:

Constituent% rangeRole
Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate49.5–51.6%EXTREME-dominant — aromatic-cinnamate-ester (E-isomer); RARE constituent class among 765 EOs ingested; signature compound of Kaempferia galanga maraba; deposits crystals on cool storage Burfield 2000; class-rail aromatic-ester chemistry; class-distinct from propenyl-phenol-ether ([[kewda]] EO753 23a phenylethyl methyl ether) and methyleugenol-class (champaca + chaste-tree)
Pentadecane9.0–21.6%Variable secondary — long-chain n-alkane C15H32 saturated hydrocarbon; class-rail unusual constituent (most EOs have minor or no n-alkanes; maraba has 9-22% extraordinarily high); odorless solvent-like component; class-rail wide-variability range source-dependent
(E)-Ethyl cinnamate13.2–16.5%Tertiary — aromatic-cinnamate-ester (E-isomer); same biosynthetic class as ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate dominant; combined ethyl-cinnamate-class 62.7-71.7% with dominant + ethyl (Z)-isomer; class-shared with Eastern aromatic-cinnamate EOs ([[finger-root]] EO718 17c geranyl-cinnamate)
1,8-Cineole0.9–5.7%Bicyclic monoterpene oxide — fresh-eucalyptus; minor cap-driver; HERE 0.9-5.7% well below pediatric-face-precaution threshold 30-50% (vs galangal-lesser EO730 19b 49.6% extreme above threshold); variable range source-dependent
Ethyl (Z)-p-methoxycinnamate0–3.6%Aromatic-cinnamate-ester (Z-isomer) — minor co-dominant with E-isomer; same biosynthetic class
δ-3-Carene0.6–3.3%Bicyclic monoterpene — class-shared with Pinaceae conifer-needle EOs ([[larch-needle]] EO756 23b 14% + many Pinaceae); minor cap-driver class-rail latent-oxidation
Borneol1.0–2.7%Bicyclic monoterpene alcohol — pine-camphor character; class-shared with [[mango-ginger]] EO764 24b 1.3% + many camphor-borneol EOs
Anethole*0–2.6%Phenylpropanoid (note B216 asterisk caveat — possibly cis-anethole or unidentified isomer); minor variable; class-rail with anise + fennel + tarragon anethole-rich EOs (where anethole 80-90% extreme); HERE trace under T&Y aniseed cap class-rail

Ethyl-cinnamate-ester-class COMBINED 62.7–71.7% rail: Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate + (E)-ethyl cinnamate + ethyl (Z)-p-methoxycinnamate combined = aromatic-cinnamate-ester chemistry RARE among 765 EOs. Maraba is the aromatic-ester-extreme-dominance class — class-distinct from all other Zingiberaceae rhizome EOs (longoza monoterpene-HC, mango-ginger sesquiterpene-DOMINANT, galangal cineole-oxide, finger-root cinnamate-different-pattern, ginger-lily isoeugenol-phenylpropanoid).

Crystallization-on-cool-storage rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "On standing, the oil deposits crystals of ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate (Burfield 2000 p283)." Physical-state-instability marker — cool storage (refrigerator or winter ambient) triggers ethyl methoxycinnamate crystallization out of solution; oil becomes turbid/cloudy/crystalline; class-rail-unique among 765 EOs ingested. NOT a degradation/spoilage — re-warming dissolves crystals back into solution; reversible physical phenomenon. Storage advice: keep at room temperature 18-25°C to prevent crystallization; if crystallized, gentle warming (not over 40°C) re-dissolves.

No carcinogen-class concern + clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim "no known carcinogens".

Pentadecane n-alkane-class peer: Few EOs contain >10% n-alkane components. Most n-alkanes (C12-C18) are odorless solvent-like saturated hydrocarbons. Maraba's 9-22% pentadecane is unusually high — class-rail wide-variability source-dependent (different geographic origin, distillation method, or rhizome maturity affects n-alkane content significantly).

Anethole minor 0-2.6% with B216 asterisk caveat — possibly cis-anethole (rare cardiotoxic isomer per T&Y Ch.14 anethole profile) or unidentified isomer; HERE 0-2.6% trace well below T&Y aniseed/fennel anethole framework caps.

Công Dụng Trị Liệu Chi Tiết
§10 Therapeutic Uses — skin, emotional, physical, respiratory

Per B216 + Indonesian/Malay/Indian/Chinese/Vietnamese traditional + modern aromatherapy:

  • Digestive / carminative (Indonesian kencur + Vietnamese địa liền traditional rhizome)
  • Anti-inflammatory (Indonesian jamu + Vietnamese traditional medicine)
  • Anti-rheumatic / circulatory (Vietnamese địa liền traditional warming herb)
  • Anti-microbial (theoretical from aromatic-ester + 1,8-cineole minor class)
  • Local anesthetic (Indonesian kencur traditional toothache + sore-throat use — possibly via ethyl methoxycinnamate aromatic-ester)
  • Vietnamese aromatherapy context: Tinh dầu địa liền (maraba) (Kaempferia galanga L. — CÙNG HỌ Zingiberaceae nhưng KHÁC CHI với gừng Zingiber officinale + nghệ vàng Curcuma longa + nghệ xoài C. amada EO764 + galangal Alpinia + bạch đậu khấu Elettaria; "giả riềng / giả gừng / riềng nhỏ" — 5 đồng nghĩa) là tinh dầu ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate 49.5–51.6% extreme-dominance + pentadecane 9.0–21.6% + (E)-ethyl cinnamate 13.2–16.5% combined ethyl-cinnamate-class 62.7-71.7% chiết xuất từ rễ-rhizome. Hồ sơ an toàn SẠCH: không độc gan, không gây ung thư, không quang độc, không tương tác thuốc. T&Y framework cap 5% người lớn. Cảnh báo class-rail-unique-physical-state-instability: B216 EXPLICIT Burfield 2000 — dầu kết tinh khi để lạnh (refrigerator + đông lạnh + ambient mùa đông <15°C) do ethyl methoxycinnamate crystallize out of solution; TRÁNH bảo quản lạnh (giữ ở nhiệt độ phòng 18-25°C); nếu kết tinh, làm ấm nhẹ (≤40°C hoặc nhiệt độ phòng vài giờ) sẽ tan trở lại — hiện tượng vật lý reversible, KHÔNG phải hư hỏng. Class-rail UNIQUE trong tất cả 765 EOs đã ingested. Hương đặc trưng warm-aromatic-cinnamate-rhizome (signature). Class-rail với longoza EO761 24a + mango-ginger EO764 24b + galangal greater/lesser EO729/730 + ginger + cardamom + finger-root + turmeric — 6+ Zingiberaceae rhizome EOs khác chemistry hoàn toàn từ 6 chi khác nhau, maraba là class chemistry-aromatic-ester-RARE thứ 6.
Năng Lượng & Ngũ Hành
§11 Energetics — TCM, Ayurveda, aromatic energetics
  • Five Element: Earth (digestive-supportive Zingiberaceae rhizome class); Fire-warming via aromatic-cinnamate
  • Chakra: Solar plexus (3rd) — digestive-rhizome character + Sacral (2nd) via warming-spicy
  • Ayurvedic: Vata-warming via aromatic-cinnamate + Pitta-balancing via 1,8-cineole minor + Kapha-stimulating via warming-spicy-rhizome
  • TCM: Warming + qi-moving + spleen-supporting + dampness-resolving + cold-dispelling via Zingiberaceae rhizome class (sha-jiang warming-spice category)
  • Mood: Grounding + warming + comforting per Indonesian kencur traditional use; class-rail with ginger + galangal + Zingiberaceae rhizome class
  • Heritage: Indonesian kencur + Malay cekur + Vietnamese địa liền + Chinese sha-jiang + Indian chandramula + Cambodian pror hum — 6+ Southeast Asian + East Asian + South Asian traditional medicinal-culinary heritage centuries; modern aromatherapy niche

Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Y Khoa

§14 Renderer Contract — Tisserand & Young V2.2

Thông Số Định Lượng

hazards
["hazards_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM","contraindications_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM","no_acute_toxicity_data_no_carcinogen_class_no_phototoxicity_no_drug_interactions_clean_zingiberaceae_rhizome_kaempferia_class","crystallization_on_cool_storage_rail_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_Burfield_2000_ethyl_E_p_methoxycinnamate_deposits_crystals_on_standing_class_rail_unique_among_765_EOs_physical_state_instability_marker_NOT_degradation_reversible_via_warming","5_synonyms_genus_disambiguation_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_false_galangal_false_ginger_small_galangal_resurrection_lily_distinguishes_from_alpinia_galangal_greater_lesser_AND_zingiber_ginger_AND_curcuma_mango_ginger_genus_chemistry_divergence","pentadecane_9_to_21_6_pct_variable_n_alkane_C15_H32_unusually_high_pct_class_rail_uncommon_constituent_no_TY_cap","anethole_asterisk_0_to_2_6_pct_trace_TY_caveat_possible_cis_isomer_or_unidentified_well_below_aniseed_fennel_caps","ethyl_cinnamate_class_combined_62_7_to_71_7_pct_aromatic_ester_RARE_among_765_EOs_6th_distinct_chemistry_class_in_zingiberaceae_rhizome_cluster","indonesian_malay_kencur_cekur_AND_vietnamese_dia_lien_AND_chinese_sha_jiang_AND_indian_chandramula_centuries_traditional_medicinal_culinary_heritage_human_consumption_supports_safety_class_rail"]
phototoxic
false
safety_level
safe
cap_derivation
framework_default_5pct_T_AND_Y_clean_profile_PLUS_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_HAZARDS_None_known_PLUS_Contraindications_None_known_PLUS_no_acute_toxicity_data_PLUS_no_carcinogen_class_PLUS_ethyl_E_p_methoxycinnamate_49_5_to_51_6_pct_extreme_dominance_aromatic_ester_RARE_class_no_TY_explicit_cap_via_clean_profile_PLUS_pentadecane_9_to_21_6_pct_variable_secondary_n_alkane_C15_H32_saturated_hydrocarbon_class_rail_unusual_high_pct_constituent_no_TY_cap_PLUS_E_ethyl_cinnamate_13_2_to_16_5_pct_aromatic_cinnamate_ester_class_PLUS_combined_ethyl_cinnamate_class_62_7_to_71_7_pct_rare_among_765_EOs_PLUS_1_8_cineole_0_9_to_5_7_pct_well_below_pediatric_face_threshold_30_to_50_pct_PLUS_anethole_asterisk_0_to_2_6_pct_trace_TY_caveat_possible_cis_isomer_well_below_aniseed_fennel_anethole_caps_PLUS_crystallization_on_cool_storage_rail_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_Burfield_2000_physical_state_instability_marker_class_rail_unique_among_765_EOs_PLUS_5_synonyms_genus_disambiguation_false_galangal_false_ginger_small_galangal_resurrection_lily_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_PLUS_indonesian_malay_kencur_cekur_traditional_culinary_medicinal_centuries_human_consumption_supports_safety_class_rail_PLUS_zingiberaceae_rhizome_multi_batch_cluster_3_in_a_row_24b_CLOSING_with_longoza_EO761_24a_AND_mango_ginger_EO764_24b_radically_different_chemistries_6th_distinct_chemistry_class_aromatic_ester_RARE_PLUS_no_drug_interactions_class_rail
oxidation_risk
medium
max_dilution_2_6
2.5
drug_interactions
[]
max_dilution_6_12
2.5
shelf_life_months
24
max_dilution_adult
5
contraindicated_all
false
max_dilution_elderly
2.5
max_oral_dose_mg_day
200
max_dilution_sensitive
2.5
max_dilution_adult_face
2.5
contraindicated_children
false
contraindicated_pregnancy
false
max_dilution_child_under2
1.5
max_dilution_breastfeeding
2.5
max_dilution_pregnancy_1st
1.5
max_dilution_pregnancy_2nd
2.5
max_dilution_pregnancy_3rd
2.5
max_oral_dose_mg_day_pregnancy
0

Luận Giải Văn Cảnh

hazards

hazards: [hazards_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_maraba_profile_p688, contraindications_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_maraba_profile_p688, no_acute_toxicity_data_TY_EXPLICIT_no_information_was_found_for_maraba_oil_pentadecane_or_ethyl_E_p_methoxycinnamate, no_carcinogen_class_TY_EXPLICIT_no_information_was_found_but_contains_no_known_carcinogens, no_phototoxicity_no_drug_interactions_clean_zingiberaceae_rhizome_kaempferia_class, crystallization_on_cool_storage_rail_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_Burfield_2000_p283_on_standing_the_oil_deposits_crystals_of_ethyl_E_p_methoxycinnamate_class_rail_unique_among_765_EOs_physical_state_instability_marker_NOT_degradation_reversible_via_warming_18_to_40_degrees_celsius, 5_synonyms_genus_disambiguation_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_false_galangal_false_ginger_small_galangal_resurrection_lily_distinguishes_from_alpinia_galangal_greater_lesser_AND_zingiber_ginger_AND_curcuma_mango_ginger_genus_chemistry_divergence, pentadecane_9_to_21_6_pct_variable_n_alkane_C15_H32_unusually_high_pct_class_rail_uncommon_constituent_no_TY_cap_no_clinical_concern, anethole_asterisk_0_to_2_6_pct_trace_TY_caveat_possible_cis_isomer_or_unidentified_well_below_aniseed_fennel_anethole_caps_class_rail_no_concern_at_trace_level, ethyl_cinnamate_class_combined_62_7_to_71_7_pct_aromatic_ester_RARE_among_765_EOs_6th_distinct_chemistry_class_in_zingiberaceae_rhizome_cluster, indonesian_malay_kencur_cekur_AND_vietnamese_dia_lien_AND_chinese_sha_jiang_AND_indian_chandramula_AND_cambodian_pror_hum_centuries_traditional_medicinal_culinary_heritage_human_consumption_supports_safety_class_rail]

storage

oxidation_risk: medium

dilution

max_dilution_adult: 5

botanical

latin_name: Kaempferia galanga L

chemistry

dominant_constituent: Ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate

commercial

availability: niche

oil_metadata

slug: maraba

safety_flags

phototoxic: FALSE

Tài Liệu Y Khoa Tham Khảo

  • B216 (Tisserand & Young 2014, "Essential Oil Safety, 2nd Ed.") — Ch.13 p.688 Maraba profile (this is primary source)
  • Wong et al 1992Kaempferia galanga rhizome EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
  • Zhu et al 1993Kaempferia galanga rhizome EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
  • Burfield 2000 p.283 — "On standing, the oil deposits crystals of ethyl (E)-p-methoxycinnamate" — physical-state-instability rail (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.688)
  • B216 Anethole profile Chapter 14 — anethole class-rail (0-2.6% trace asterisk-caveat in maraba)