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Tinh dầu hạt đương quy lovage

Lovage Seed

Levisticum officinale Koch

Top/MiddleGia vị

Hạt cần tây cay nồng đậm đặc, phellandrene tiêu cay đặc trưng, thảo mộc ấm-hơi ngọt-(Z)-β-ocimene, signature lovage cực đậm, hương dược liệu, đặc tính lovage cực mạnh

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Tóm Tắt Khoa Học

Từ Thư Viện Kinh Điển

Lovage seed essential oil (Levisticum officinale Koch, Apiaceae = Umbelliferae family — same family as celery/parsley/coriander/finger-root EO718/lovage-leaf EO762/lovage-root/angelica-root/cumin/dill/fennel) is a β-phellandrene-EXTREME-DOMINANCE seeds-distilled celery-aromatic monoterpene-hydrocarbon-class EO with CLEAN T&Y "None known × 2" hazard signature framework 5%. B216 Ch.13 p.680 cites Toulemonde & Noleau 1988 chemistry: β-phellandrene 63.2% (extreme-dominant) + (Z)-β-ocimene 9.2% (secondary) + (Z)-ligustilide 5.6% + (+)-limonene 3.1% + α-terpinyl acetate 3.1% + α-phellandrene 2.9% + β-myrcene 2.0% + α-pinene 1.9%. Hazard signature: T&Y verbatim "Hazards: None known. Contraindications: None known." CRITICAL same-species-cross-part-3-WAY-TRIAD-CLOSING with EO762 lovage-leaf 24a + lovage-root B216-separate-entry future EO — opens 24a with lovage-leaf "may-be-phototoxic-untested via furanocoumarins in leaves" α-terpinyl acetate 43-47% dominant LEAVES; closes 24b with lovage-seed CLEAN β-phellandrene 63.2% extreme-dominance SEEDS; lovage-root (Z)-ligustilide 67.5% extreme-dominance non-phototoxic Opdyke 1978 ROOTS still pending. 3 commercially distinct EOs from same plant species → 3 radically different chemistry profiles (α-terpinyl-acetate-dominant LEAF vs β-phellandrene-dominant SEED vs (Z)-ligustilide-dominant ROOT) + 3 different hazard signatures (phototoxic-untested LEAF vs CLEAN SEED vs non-phototoxic-Opdyke-1978 ROOT). B216 EXPLICIT silence on phototoxicity for SEEDS — unlike lovage-leaf where furanocoumarin-untested precaution applies. Adverse-skin-reactions clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for lovage seed oil or β-phellandrene." Acute-toxicity clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for lovage seed oil or β-phellandrene." Carcinogen-class-rail clean B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "No information was found for lovage seed oil, but it contains no known carcinogens." Comments B216 EXPLICIT verbatim: "Lovage oils are among the most pungent." → Universal pungency note across all 3 Levisticum officinale EOs (leaf/seed/root). β-Phellandrene-extreme-dominance class peer: [[grindelia]] EO736 20b 14-26% + [[longoza]] EO761 24a 2-6% + lovage-leaf EO762 24a 15-20% + lovage-root 3.8% — class-rail β-phellandrene cyclic monoterpene chemistry. Apiaceae-family-aromatic-EO peer: All multi-batch B216 cluster (chervil EO706 16b + finger-root EO718 17c + cassie EO702 15d + ferula EO716 17b + fern-sweet EO715 17b + lovage-leaf EO762 + future lovage-root + celery + parsley + coriander + dill + fennel + cumin + caraway + anise + ajwain + asafoetida). Opens Mini-Batch 24b heterogeneity-progression-RESET to clean-trio after 24a heterogeneity-progression-CLOSING-with-may-be-phototoxic-untested.

🌿
Thận trọngNốt Top/MiddleGreen-celery-aromatic-Apiaceae-extreme-pungent + peppery-spicy-phellandrene + phthalide-cele...

Lovage Seed

Tinh dầu hạt đương quy lovage

Levisticum officinale Koch

Tinh dầu hạt đương quy lovage — Green-celery-aromatic-Apiaceae-extreme-pungent + peppery-spicy-phellandrene + phthalide-cele...

⚠️Tinh dầu này cần thận trọng khi sử dụng. Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn an toàn.

Tổng Quan

Danh pháp khoa học
Levisticum officinale Koch
Họ thực vật
Apiaceae
Bộ phận dùng
Seeds
Phương pháp chiết xuất
steam_distillation
Màu sắc
Phân loại nốt hương
Nốt Top/Middle
Hương thơm
Chemotype / Cultivar

Các quốc gia sản xuất chính

FranceGermanyHungaryBelgium

Tình trạng tại Việt Nam

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Phân loại nốt
Top-Middle
Cường độ
5/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Green-celery-aromatic-Apiaceae-extreme-pungent + peppery-spicy-phellandrene + phthalide-cele...
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)

Intensely-pungent celery-seed, peppery-spicy-phellandrene-dominant, herbaceous-warm-(Z)-β-ocimene-undertone, phthalide-celery-signature, aromatic-medicinal, lovage-character-extreme

Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)

Hạt cần tây cay nồng đậm đặc, phellandrene tiêu cay đặc trưng, thảo mộc ấm-hơi ngọt-(Z)-β-ocimene, signature lovage cực đậm, hương dược liệu, đặc tính lovage cực mạnh

Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)

2–4 giờ

Cường độ hương
5/5
Da khô
2/5

Da dầu/mụn
3/5

Da lão hóa
3/5

Da thường
4/5

Da nhạy cảm
3/5

Da hỗn hợp
3/5

Nhập khẩuImported

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

Tinh dầu hạt đương quy lovage

Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp

Digestive / carminative

β-Phellandrene (63.2%) and phthalide (Z)-ligustilide (5.6%) contribute to the traditional Apiaceae carminative profile by supporting smooth-muscle relaxation in the GI tract and reducing intestinal spasm.

Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.680; class-extrapolation from lovage-root phthalide class and Apiaceae family

Antispasmodic

(Z)-Ligustilide (5.6%), a phthalide-class compound shared with lovage-root and celery-seed, exerts smooth-muscle relaxant activity that may reduce spasms in the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Ref: class-extrapolation from lovage-root B216 phthalide-class profile; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.680

Anticarcinogenic constituent (in vitro only)

(Z)-Ligustilide (5.6% of EO) demonstrated cytotoxicity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells at IC50 11.52 µg/mL; evidence is in-vitro constituent-level only and does not establish whole-EO clinical efficacy.

Ref: Kan et al 2008 (cross-referenced via lovage-leaf B216 Ch.13 p.679; applicable only via 5.6% ligustilide in seed EO)

Respiratory support / decongestant

β-Phellandrene (63.2%), as a dominant monoterpene hydrocarbon, may support airway patency and mild expectorant effect via inhalation, consistent with the Apiaceae seed-oil monoterpene hydrocarbon class.

Ref: class-extrapolation from β-phellandrene monoterpene class; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.680

Antimicrobial (mild)

β-Phellandrene-dominated monoterpene fraction confers general antimicrobial activity characteristic of the hydrocarbon class, though specific MIC data for lovage-seed EO are not available in cited sources.

Ref: class-extrapolation from β-phellandrene monoterpene hydrocarbon class; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13

Diuretic / lymphatic support

Traditional Levisticum officinale herb use as diuretic is attributed to the phthalide fraction; seed EO's (Z)-ligustilide (5.6%) and β-phellandrene may partially replicate this via aromatic stimulation of renal function.

Ref: class-extrapolation from lovage herb Apiaceae family traditional use; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.680

AI-summary

No RCT-grade clinical evidence for lovage-seed essential oil has been located in cited sources. The strongest available evidence is in-vitro: (Z)-ligustilide (5.6% of EO), a phthalide-class compound shared with lovage-root and celery-seed, demonstrated cytotoxicity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells at IC50 11.52 µg/mL (Kan et al 2008); this data was cross-referenced via the lovage-leaf entry and cannot be directly attributed to the seed oil. Safety data from lovage-root (Opdyke 1978; 2%/25 volunteers, neither irritating nor sensitizing, non-phototoxic) are not transferable to seed given the B216 3-way cross-part chemotype divergence. The oil's T&Y 'None known × 2' profile supports safe aromatic and topical use within the 5% adult dermal cap.

Narrative

Tâm trạng: Stimulating, Grounding

focusvitalityclaritygroundednessconfidenceappetite

Chakra

solar

Ngũ hành

tho

Phương phápLiều lượngGhi chú
Diffusion2-4 drops in 100 ml waterAromatic support for digestive comfort and mood. Spicy-herbal character blends well with citrus and Apiaceae family oils. Diffuse 30-60 min sessions.
Topical massage1-5% in carrier oil (adult max 5%)Dilute in jojoba or sweet almond. Abdominal massage for digestive support. No phototoxicity risk — safe for daytime application. Not recommended undiluted.
Inhalation (direct)1-2 drops on tissue or inhaler stickShort sessions (2-3 min) for respiratory and aromatic support. Suitable for travel or intermittent use given clean safety profile.
Bath3-5 drops dispersed in 1 tsp carrier oil firstAlways dilute in carrier before adding to bath to prevent undiluted skin contact. Warming digestive or relaxing blend purpose.
Skincare blend0.5-2% in carrier oil or unscented lotionNo photosensitization risk unlike lovage-leaf. Suitable for daytime use. Conservative 1% for first application; patch test recommended.

Dầu nền phù hợp

Sweet almond oilLight texture and neutral aroma allow lovage-seed's spicy-herbal character to express fully; excellent base for abdominal digestive massage blends.
JojobaLong shelf life and non-comedogenic profile complement the clean β-phellandrene monoterpene base; suitable for face and skincare at low dilution.
Fractionated coconut oilLightweight and fast-absorbing; ideal for topical and abdominal massage; stable carrier for monoterpene-rich EOs with minimal residue.
Sesame oilTraditional Ayurvedic pairing with Apiaceae-family herbs; warmth complements lovage-seed's spicy-herbaceous profile for warming digestive massage.

Kết hợp tốt với

SpicyCitrusGreenWoodyEarthy

Blend kinh điển

[B216] Ch.13 p.680 Lovage seed profile (this is primary source)
[Toulemonde & Noleau 1988] Levisticum officinale seeds EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.680)
[Kan et al 2008] (Z)-Ligustilide cytotoxic to human colon cancer (HT-29) cells IC50 11.52 µg/mL (cross-reference cited via lovage-leaf entry B216 Ch.13 p.679)
[B216 Terpinyl acetate profile Chapter 14] α-terpinyl acetate "notably non-allergenic" + non-toxic class-rail (3.1% minor in lovage-seed)
[Opdyke 1978 p.813–814] lovage ROOT 2%/25-volunteers neither irritating nor sensitizing + non-phototoxic + acute oral LD50 rats 3.4 g/kg (NOTE: lovage ROOT data, NOT seed — cross-part B216 separate entry)

An Toàn

Giới hạn da tối đa

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Giới hạn IFRA

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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown

Giới hạn độ tuổi

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Bảo quản

Bảo quản nơi tối, mát

Thông tin chỉ mang tính tham khảo, không thay thế tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp. SYMELab v2.0

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Hồ Sơ Hoá Học Chi Tiết
§3 Chemical Profile — chemotype, constituent ranges, adulteration

Per Toulemonde & Noleau 1988 cited in B216 Ch.13 p.680:

Constituent%Role
β-Phellandrene63.2%Extreme-dominant — cyclic monoterpene; peppery-citrus-spicy; class-shared with [[lovage-leaf]] EO762 24a 15-20% (secondary) + [[longoza]] EO761 24a 2-6% (minor) + [[grindelia]] EO736 20b 14-26%; β-phellandrene-extreme-dominance class-rail clean dermal safety per Apiaceae-monoterpene-class
(Z)-β-Ocimene9.2%Secondary — acyclic monoterpene; sweet-warm-floral-herbaceous; class-shared with many flower/leaf EOs (jonquil EO748 22b 35.3% + laurel-berry EO757 23c 23.7% + many absolutes)
(Z)-Ligustilide5.6%Phthalide bicyclic lactone — characteristic celery/lovage signature compound; same compound 67.5% extreme-dominant in lovage-root EO + 15-22% in lovage-leaf EO762 24a; (Z)-isomer-class anticarcinogenic activity Kan 2008 colon HT-29 IC50 11.52 µg/mL (cell-culture marker NOT therapeutic claim); class-shared with celery + chervil EO706 16b + ferula EO716 17b + ajwain + Apiaceae phthalide EOs
(+)-Limonene3.1%Cyclic monoterpene — fresh-citrus; latent-oxidation class-rail with [[lemon-balm]] EO759 23c + many citrus EOs
α-Terpinyl acetate3.1%Cyclic monoterpene ester — sweet-floral-fresh + spicy-herbaceous; B216 EXPLICIT "notably non-allergenic" T&Y Ch.14 Terpinyl acetate profile; class-rail-clean-dermal-safety; same compound 43-47% dominant in lovage-leaf EO762 24a
α-Phellandrene2.9%Cyclic monoterpene — peppery-citrus isomer of β-phellandrene
β-Myrcene2.0%Acyclic monoterpene — herbaceous; class-shared with [[hemp]] EO739 21a + [[grindelia]] EO736 20b
α-Pinene1.9%Bicyclic monoterpene — fresh-piney; minor cap-driver class-shared with all Pinaceae conifer-needle EOs

β-Phellandrene EXTREME-DOMINANCE 63.2% rail: Single-constituent extreme-dominance class-shared with most extreme-dominant-mono-constituent EOs. Lovage-seed is the β-phellandrene-extreme-dominance-monoterpene-hydrocarbon class — distinct from lovage-leaf (α-terpinyl-acetate-dominant phthalide-ester class) and lovage-root (ligustilide-extreme-dominance phthalide class) cross-part chemotype divergence.

β-Phellandrene-class clean-dermal-safety-rail: β-Phellandrene constituent class shows no significant adverse-skin-reactions per B216 EXPLICIT "No information was found for lovage seed oil or β-phellandrene." No T&Y constituent-class cap for β-phellandrene; framework 5% applies via clean signature.

(Z)-Ligustilide-class anticarcinogenic-rail B216 EXPLICIT (cross-reference lovage-leaf EO762 24a): (Z)-Ligustilide is the characteristic phthalide of celery/lovage/Apiaceae class, well-studied for cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines (Sertel 2011b head/neck squamous IC50 292.6 µg/mL via lovage-leaf oil; Kan 2008 colon HT-29 IC50 11.52 µg/mL via (Z)-ligustilide constituent); class-rail-only marker NOT clinical-anticancer-claim (cell-culture cytotoxicity ≠ clinical use).

No furanocoumarin-class phototoxicity rail B216 EXPLICIT silence: Unlike lovage-leaf where B216 explicit notes "Lovage leaves contain furanocoumarins, and the essential oil has not been tested for phototoxicity," B216 entry for lovage-seed has NO furanocoumarin presence note + NO phototoxic-untested flag — clean profile applies. Class-rail-divergence: Apiaceae LEAF EOs commonly contain furanocoumarins → phototoxic-untested-precaution; Apiaceae SEED EOs vary (cumin TESTED phototoxic via cumaldehyde + bergaptene; parsley-seed TESTED phototoxic; lovage-seed CLEAN per B216 explicit silence). This positions lovage-seed favorably vs cumin-seed and parsley-seed in the Apiaceae-seed phototoxicity class.

No carcinogen-class concern + β-phellandrene-clean-class-rail B216 EXPLICIT verbatim "no known carcinogens".

Công Dụng Trị Liệu Chi Tiết
§10 Therapeutic Uses — skin, emotional, physical, respiratory

Per B216 + European traditional + modern aromatherapy:

  • Diuretic (traditional — class-rail with lovage-root + lovage-leaf celery-family Apiaceae)
  • Digestive / carminative (traditional — Apiaceae phthalide-class + β-phellandrene digestive-aid; class-rail with celery + dill + fennel + caraway + anise + cumin seed-EOs)
  • Anti-inflammatory (theoretical from (Z)-ligustilide phthalide-class)
  • Anticarcinogenic-class-rail (Kan 2008 colon HT-29 via (Z)-ligustilide — class-rail-only marker NOT therapeutic claim)
  • Antimicrobial (theoretical from monoterpene-rich + β-phellandrene + (+)-limonene class)
  • Emmenagogue / menstruation-stimulant (traditional Apiaceae class — class-rail precaution-in-pregnancy)
  • Flavor industry (savory food + bouillon-cube + meat-product flavor — celery-seed-substitute culinary heritage; intensely-pungent so used at very low dose)
  • Vietnamese aromatherapy context: Tinh dầu hạt đương quy lovage (Levisticum officinale hạt — CÙNG LOÀI nhưng KHÁC BỘ PHẬN với tinh dầu lá EO762 24a + tinh dầu rễ lovage B216 separate entries) là tinh dầu β-phellandrene 63.2% extreme-dominance + (Z)-β-ocimene 9.2% + (Z)-ligustilide 5.6% + (+)-limonene 3.1% + α-terpinyl acetate 3.1% combined ~80% chiết xuất từ hạt chín. Hồ sơ an toàn SẠCH: không độc gan, không gây ung thư, KHÔNG quang độc (khác với tinh dầu lá có cảnh báo phototoxic-untested), không tương tác thuốc. T&Y framework cap 5% người lớn. Lưu ý phụ nữ có thai: thận trọng theo class-rail Apiaceae-emmenagogue-traditional (1% T1, 2.5% T2/T3 — không cấm tuyệt đối). Hương đặc trưng hạt cần tây CỰC NỒNG (B216 EXPLICIT "Lovage oils are among the most pungent" — cảnh báo độ đậm đặc, không phải độc tính). Class-rail với lovage lá-(leaf-EO762 24a)-phototoxic-untested + lovage rễ-(root)-non-phototoxic-Opdyke 1978 = 3 EOs khác chemistry hoàn toàn từ cùng 1 loài cây.
Năng Lượng & Ngũ Hành
§11 Energetics — TCM, Ayurveda, aromatic energetics
  • Five Element: Earth (digestive-supportive lovage Apiaceae class); Water-supportive (diuretic-traditional class)
  • Chakra: Solar plexus (3rd) — digestive-celery-Apiaceae character
  • Ayurvedic: Vata-warming via β-phellandrene + Pitta-warming via spicy-pungent + Kapha-stimulating via aromatic-pungent
  • TCM: Warming + qi-moving + spleen-supporting via celery-Apiaceae class
  • Mood: Grounding + warming + slightly-stimulating per modern aromatherapy use; class-rail with celery + parsley + Apiaceae herb-class
  • Heritage: European traditional culinary + medicinal herb (centuries Mediterranean + Central European traditional medicine emmenagogue + diuretic + digestive); Roman + medieval European monastic herb gardens; modern flavor-industry savory-food bouillon class-shared with celery-seed-substitute role; classical perfumery chypre + green-fougère accent

Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Y Khoa

§14 Renderer Contract — Tisserand & Young V2.2

Thông Số Định Lượng

hazards
["hazards_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM","contraindications_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM","no_acute_toxicity_data_no_carcinogen_class_no_phototoxicity_no_drug_interactions_clean_apiaceae_seeds_class","anticarcinogenic_class_rail_only_via_Z_ligustilide_Kan_2008_cytotoxicity_to_cancer_cell_lines_NOT_therapeutic_claim","lovage_oils_are_among_the_most_pungent_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_universal_pungency_dilution_for_intensity_not_toxicity","apiaceae_emmenagogue_traditional_pregnancy_precaution_class_rail_reduced_cap_NOT_contraindicated"]
phototoxic
false
safety_level
safe
cap_derivation
framework_default_5pct_T_AND_Y_clean_profile_PLUS_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_HAZARDS_None_known_PLUS_Contraindications_None_known_PLUS_no_furanocoumarin_phototoxic_flag_unlike_lovage_leaf_EO762_24a_PLUS_no_acute_toxicity_data_PLUS_no_carcinogen_class_PLUS_beta_phellandrene_63_2_pct_extreme_dominance_clean_dermal_safety_PLUS_alpha_terpinyl_acetate_3_1_pct_non_allergenic_TY_chapter_14_PLUS_Z_ligustilide_5_6_pct_well_tolerated_per_lovage_root_class_rail_PLUS_no_known_carcinogens_TY_EXPLICIT_PLUS_anticarcinogenic_class_rail_only_via_Z_ligustilide_Kan_2008_cytotoxicity_to_cancer_cell_lines_NOT_therapeutic_claim_PLUS_lovage_oils_are_among_the_most_pungent_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_universal_pungency_PLUS_european_commercial_production_PLUS_3_way_cross_part_chemotype_divergence_with_lovage_leaf_alpha_terpinyl_acetate_43_to_47_pct_dominant_phototoxic_untested_AND_lovage_root_Z_ligustilide_67_5_pct_extreme_dominance_non_phototoxic_Opdyke_1978_PLUS_apiaceae_emmenagogue_traditional_pregnancy_precaution_class_rail
oxidation_risk
medium
max_dilution_2_6
2
drug_interactions
[]
max_dilution_6_12
2.5
shelf_life_months
24
max_dilution_adult
5
contraindicated_all
false
max_dilution_elderly
2.5
max_oral_dose_mg_day
200
max_dilution_sensitive
2.5
max_dilution_adult_face
2.5
contraindicated_children
false
contraindicated_pregnancy
false
max_dilution_child_under2
1
max_dilution_breastfeeding
2.5
max_dilution_pregnancy_1st
1
max_dilution_pregnancy_2nd
2.5
max_dilution_pregnancy_3rd
2.5
max_oral_dose_mg_day_pregnancy
0

Luận Giải Văn Cảnh

hazards

hazards: [hazards_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_lovage_seed_profile_p680, contraindications_none_known_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_lovage_seed_profile_p680, no_acute_toxicity_data_TY_EXPLICIT_no_information_was_found_for_lovage_seed_oil_or_beta_phellandrene, no_carcinogen_class_TY_EXPLICIT_no_information_was_found_but_contains_no_known_carcinogens, no_phototoxicity_no_furanocoumarin_flag_unlike_lovage_leaf_EO762_24a_clean_profile_per_TY_explicit_silence, no_drug_interactions_clean_apiaceae_seeds_class, anticarcinogenic_class_rail_only_via_Z_ligustilide_Kan_2008_colon_HT_29_IC50_11_52_microgram_per_ml_NOT_therapeutic_claim_class_rail_only_marker, lovage_oils_are_among_the_most_pungent_TY_EXPLICIT_VERBATIM_universal_pungency_across_all_3_levisticum_officinale_EOs_dilution_for_intensity_not_toxicity, apiaceae_emmenagogue_traditional_pregnancy_precaution_class_rail_reduced_cap_NOT_contraindicated]

storage

oxidation_risk: medium

dilution

max_dilution_adult: 5

botanical

latin_name: Levisticum officinale Koch

chemistry

dominant_constituent: beta-Phellandrene

commercial

availability: niche

oil_metadata

slug: lovage-seed

safety_flags

phototoxic: FALSE

Tài Liệu Y Khoa Tham Khảo

  • B216 (Tisserand & Young 2014, "Essential Oil Safety, 2nd Ed.") — Ch.13 p.680 Lovage seed profile (this is primary source)
  • Toulemonde & Noleau 1988Levisticum officinale seeds EO chemistry (cited in B216 Ch.13 p.680)
  • Kan et al 2008 — (Z)-Ligustilide cytotoxic to human colon cancer (HT-29) cells IC50 11.52 µg/mL (cross-reference cited via lovage-leaf entry B216 Ch.13 p.679)
  • B216 Terpinyl acetate profile Chapter 14 — α-terpinyl acetate "notably non-allergenic" + non-toxic class-rail (3.1% minor in lovage-seed)
  • B216 (Z)-Ligustilide / Phthalide class profile — phthalide signature compound class (referenced via lovage-root cross-reference)
  • Opdyke 1978 p.813–814 — lovage ROOT 2%/25-volunteers neither irritating nor sensitizing + non-phototoxic + acute oral LD50 rats 3.4 g/kg (NOTE: lovage ROOT data, NOT seed — cross-part B216 separate entry)