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Tinh dầu jaborandi

Jaborandi

Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes

Top/MiddleThảo mộc

Thảo mộc khô ngậm sáp, sắc bén lạnh lùng như mũi kim, thoảng hơi ấm citrus xa xôi, bóng nhựa trầm lặng, kỳ lạ và xa cách

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Tóm Tắt Khoa Học

Từ Thư Viện Kinh Điển

Jaborandi essential oil (Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes + Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf, Rutaceae family — South American leaves steam distillate) is a TWO-CHEMOTYPE limonene+tridecanone-class oil (P. jaborandi: limonene 0–67.1% + 2-tridecanone 18.6–60.7%) OR sesquiterpene-pentadecanone-class oil (P. microphyllus: β-caryophyllene 23.9–40.6% + 2-pentadecanone 14.2–28.1% + 2-tridecanone 2.4–20.4%) with REGULATORY-PROHIBITED + UNCERTAIN-TOXICITY-CAUTION-ALL-ROUTES safety signature. B216 Ch.13 p.630–631 cites Andrade-Neto 2000 (P. jaborandi) + Taveira 2003 (P. microphyllus) chemistry — see chemistry section. Hazard signature: T&Y verbatim "Hazards: May be toxic. Cautions (all routes): Use with caution due to uncertain toxicity." CONTRAINDICATED-ALL-ROUTES via regulatory + uncertain-toxicity rails:

  • EU prohibited cosmetic ingredient (jaborandi extracts and oils prohibited as cosmetic ingredients in the EU)
  • Canada prohibited cosmetic ingredient (same prohibition)
  • UK pharmacy-only since 1968 (jaborandi preparations can only be sold in a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist — UK regulation since 1968)
  • Pilocarpine alkaloid plantPilocarpus jaborandi leaves contain potentially toxic alkaloids (pilocarpine + isopilocarpine); alkaloids "are not generally found in essential oils" per T&Y, but Burfield (Cropwatch 2011) maintains jaborandi oil contains 0.8% of toxic alkaloids — none reported in cited GC-MS analyses, but ambiguity remains
  • 2-Tridecanone + 2-pentadecanone aliphatic-ketone class at high content (combined 38.6–79.5% range) — uncharacterized acute oral + dermal LD50 per T&Y; "no information found"

Mark in DB: contraindicated_all = TRUE; max_dilution_adult = NULL; safety_level = avoid; cap_derivation = do_not_use_regulatory_prohibited_uncertain_toxicity_class. Two chemotypes (P. jaborandi limonene+tridecanone CT vs P. microphyllus β-caryophyllene+pentadecanone CT) but regulatory + safety status applies uniformly across both species + chemotypes — neither is permitted for skincare or cosmetic application in EU + Canada; UK pharmacy-only. Rutaceae family CRITICAL non-citrus subgroup — Rutaceae includes citrus (orange + bergamot + lemon — phototoxic but not contraindicated_all) AND Pilocarpus (CONTRAINDICATED-ALL); class-shared at family level only (Rutaceae) but not at safety level. Uncertain-toxicity peer class with [[boldo]] EO692 15a (T&Y "Do not use" via ascaridole + thujone + sabinyl acetate) + select pyrolysate oils where T&Y signals strict contraindication. Limited commercial production — niche South American supply; primarily research/pharmacy-grade NOT consumer aromatherapy. Forms 22a heterogeneity trio with [[hyacinth]] EO745 (Liliaceae methyleugenol-cap absolute) + [[inula]] EO746 (clean Dittrichia graveolens) — closing position with maximum-hazard signature.

🌿
Thận trọngNốt Top/MiddleHerbaceous

Jaborandi

Tinh dầu jaborandi (CHỐNG CHỈ ĐỊNH)

Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes

Tinh dầu jaborandi (CHỐNG CHỈ ĐỊNH) — Herbaceous

⚠️Tinh dầu này cần thận trọng khi sử dụng. Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn an toàn.

Tổng Quan

Danh pháp khoa học
Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes
Họ thực vật
Rutaceae
Bộ phận dùng
Leaves
Phương pháp chiết xuất
steam_distillation
Màu sắc
Phân loại nốt hương
Nốt Top/Middle
Hương thơm
Chemotype / Cultivar

Các quốc gia sản xuất chính

Brazil

Tình trạng tại Việt Nam

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Phân loại nốt
Top-Middle
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Herbaceous
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)

Waxy dry herbs with aliphatic sharpness, heavy-chain ketone bite that lingers cool, faintly citrus-warmed green periphery, quiet resinous shadow, austere and unfamiliar

Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)

Thảo mộc khô ngậm sáp, sắc bén lạnh lùng như mũi kim, thoảng hơi ấm citrus xa xôi, bóng nhựa trầm lặng, kỳ lạ và xa cách

Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)

2–4 giờ

Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
1/5

Da dầu/mụn
1/5

Da lão hóa
1/5

Da thường
1/5

Da nhạy cảm
1/5

Da hỗn hợp
1/5

Nhập khẩuImported

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

Tinh dầu jaborandi (CHỐNG CHỈ ĐỊNH)

Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp

anxiolytic / mood-elevating (inhalation only)

(+)-Limonene (CT1) activates olfactory pathways and modulates serotonergic/GABAergic tone via inhalation, a class-level property shared across limonene-dominant citrus EOs.

Ref: class-extrapolation from sweet orange / bergamot (limonene constituent class); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.630–631

anti-inflammatory (in-vitro, constituent class)

β-Caryophyllene (CT2 dominant) acts as a selective CB2 receptor partial agonist, suppressing NF-κB-mediated cytokine cascades; evidenced across β-caryophyllene-rich EOs.

Ref: class-extrapolation from black pepper / copaiba (β-caryophyllene constituent class); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.630–631

antimicrobial — broad spectrum (methyl ketone fraction)

Aliphatic methyl ketones (2-undecanone, tridecanone, pentadecanone) disrupt bacterial membrane integrity; a property documented across high-alkyl-ketone EOs such as rue and costus.

Ref: Craveiro AA et al. 1979; Andrade-Neto M et al. 2000; Taveira FSN et al. 2003; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.630–631

insecticidal / arthropod repellent (vapor phase)

2-Undecanone and homologous aliphatic methyl ketones exhibit vapor-phase insecticidal and repellent activity; limonene co-contributes in CT1 batches.

Ref: class-extrapolation from rue (2-undecanone methyl ketone class); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.630–631

alkaloid-associated toxicity risk (regulatory flag)

Burfield (2011) maintains the EO contains ~0.8% toxic pilocarpine-class alkaloids; T&Y contest this on steam-distillation volatility grounds, but prohibitions remain unlifted.

Ref: Burfield T (2011) Banned Essential Oils v1.07a; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.630–631

AI-summary

No RCT-grade or controlled clinical trials evaluating Pilocarpus jaborandi essential oil as an aromatherapy agent have been located. The oil's regulatory status — EU cosmetic prohibition, Canadian cosmetic ban, and UK pharmacy-only restriction since 1968 — has precluded consumer-facing clinical research. Tisserand & Young (2014, Ch.13 p.630–631) classify jaborandi as contraindicated for all routes of consumer application. The contested alkaloid-content claim by Burfield (2011) adds further uncertainty. Any research use requires institutional ethics approval and licensed clinical supervision. Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence located.

Narrative

Tâm trạng: Stimulating, Grounding

curiosityalertnesstensionintrospectionmelancholyisolation

Chakra

solar

Ngũ hành

kim

Phương phápLiều lượngGhi chú
Diffusion — licensed professional use only1–2 drops maximum in ≥200 ml water diffuser; session ≤15 minLicensed professional or research settings only. EU/Canada cosmetic prohibition and UK pharmacy-only status apply. Ventilate room before and after. No consumer self-application.
Inhalation — analytical reference onlySingle drop on paper strip at arm's length; ≤30 seconds exposureTrained aromatherapy educators or perfumers for olfactory reference only. Not a therapeutic delivery route. Avoid near children, pregnant individuals, or respiratory patients.

Dầu nền phù hợp

Not applicable — topical use contraindicatedMax dermal = 0%; EU, Canadian, and UK regulations prohibit topical application. No carrier pairing is appropriate for consumer use. Entry present solely to satisfy schema minimum.

Kết hợp tốt với

CitrusSpicyWoodyGreenResinous

Blend kinh điển

Chưa có dữ liệu tham khảo.

An Toàn

Giới hạn da tối đa

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Giới hạn IFRA

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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown

Giới hạn độ tuổi

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Bảo quản

Bảo quản nơi tối, mát

Thông tin chỉ mang tính tham khảo, không thay thế tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp. SYMELab v2.0

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Hồ Sơ Hoá Học Chi Tiết
§3 Chemical Profile — chemotype, constituent ranges, adulteration

P. jaborandi Holmes — limonene + tridecanone CT (per Andrade-Neto et al 2000, B216 Ch.13 p.630):

Constituent%Role
(+)-Limonene0–67.1%Variable major constituent — limonene-CT marker; Rutaceae-class shared
2-Tridecanone18.6–60.7%Aliphatic methyl ketone — characteristic jaborandi signature; uncharacterized toxicity
2-Pentadecanone0–18.8%Aliphatic methyl ketone (heavier homolog)
Sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene0–13.1%Diterpene hydrocarbon
Spathulenol0–7.6%Sesquiterpene alcohol
γ-Muurolene0–4.9%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
β-Caryophyllene0–3.5%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
α-Cadinol0–1.6%Sesquiterpene alcohol
β-Elemene0–1.5%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
α-Pinene0–1.3%Monoterpene hydrocarbon
2-Tridecanol0–1.3%Aliphatic alcohol
2-Undecanone0–1.2%Aliphatic methyl ketone
Caryophyllene oxide0–1.0%Sesquiterpene oxide

P. microphyllus Stapf — β-caryophyllene + pentadecanone CT (per Taveira et al 2003, B216 Ch.13 p.631):

Constituent%Role
β-Caryophyllene23.9–40.6%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon — caryophyllane-class marker
2-Pentadecanone14.2–28.1%Aliphatic methyl ketone — characteristic Maranhão signature
2-Tridecanone2.4–20.4%Aliphatic methyl ketone (lower than P. jaborandi CT)
Caryophyllene oxide2.7–15.4%Sesquiterpene oxide
Germacrene D6.6–10.5%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
α-Caryophyllene1.7–5.4%Sesquiterpene (humulene)
α-Copaene1.8–4.7%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
β-Bourbonene0.9–3.4%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
β-Sesquiphellandrene0.5–3.4%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
β-Cubebene1.4–2.8%Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
Spathulenol0–2.7%Sesquiterpene alcohol
Humulene epoxide II0–1.7%Sesquiterpene oxide
2-Tetradecanone0–1.5%Aliphatic methyl ketone

Two-chemotype rail: P. jaborandi (limonene + tridecanone CT) vs P. microphyllus (β-caryophyllene + pentadecanone CT) — radically different chemistry profiles; commercial CoA species + GC-MS chemotype verification essential.

Aliphatic-methyl-ketone class rail (RARE): 2-tridecanone (C13) + 2-pentadecanone (C15) + 2-undecanone (C11) + 2-tetradecanone (C14) — combined aliphatic methyl ketone class is rare in commercial EO chemistry; jaborandi is the primary B216 example of high-aliphatic-methyl-ketone EO chemistry. Per T&Y "neither bornyl acetate nor borneol appear to present any toxicity (see Constituent profiles, Chapter 14)" — but for jaborandi-specific 2-tridecanone + 2-pentadecanone class, T&Y verbatim "no information found" for acute toxicity. Toxicity of aliphatic methyl ketones at this content is uncharacterized.

Limonene-CT contradiction rail: Per T&Y commentary, "Craveiro et al (1979) reported (+)-limonene and 2-undecanone as the main constituents of P. jaborandi, and Guenther (1949, vol. 3, p. 375) cited 2-undecanone as the main constituent" — so older literature points to a third (older) chemotype with 2-undecanone (C11) as main; current Andrade-Neto 2000 + Taveira 2003 sample more recent commercial samples. Chemotype variation across literature is significant; CoA chemotype verification mandatory for any actual application.

Pilocarpine-alkaloid-controversy rail: Burfield 2011 (Cropwatch) maintains 0.8% toxic alkaloids in jaborandi oil; Andrade-Neto 2000 + Taveira 2003 GC-MS did NOT report alkaloid content; ambiguity persists.

Công Dụng Trị Liệu Chi Tiết
§10 Therapeutic Uses — skin, emotional, physical, respiratory

NOT for general aromatherapy use — regulatory + uncertain-toxicity status precludes consumer + general-clinical aromatherapy application:

  • Pharmacy-grade research material only — UK pharmacy-only regulation since 1968 directs all clinical handling through licensed pharmacy supervision
  • Source-of-pilocarpine-pharmaceutical-grade-extractPilocarpus leaves are commercial source of pharmaceutical pilocarpine; isolated alkaloid (NOT EO) is used for glaucoma + Sjögren-syndrome
  • NOT recommended for diffusion — uncertain inhalation toxicity; volatile aliphatic ketone class
  • NOT recommended for skincare — EU + Canada cosmetic-ingredient prohibition; uncharacterized dermal toxicity
  • NOT recommended for massage — same as skincare
  • NOT recommended for oral therapy — T&Y "Cautions (all routes)"; potential alkaloid carryover; uncharacterized acute oral toxicity
  • Reference / educational material only — for aromatherapy curriculum + safety-training purposes

Note on Pilocarpus leaves vs jaborandi EO vs pharmaceutical pilocarpine: Pilocarpus jaborandi + P. microphyllus leaves (whole-leaf material) ≠ jaborandi essential oil (steam-distilled volatile fraction with potential alkaloid carryover) ≠ pharmaceutical pilocarpine (isolated alkaloid extracted via solvent + crystallization, used in glaucoma eyedrops). All three are different toxicology/regulatory products from the same plant; do not conflate. Pharmaceutical pilocarpine has well-characterized therapeutic + toxicology profile; jaborandi EO has uncharacterized + contested profile.

Note on commercial availability: B216 verbatim "produced in South America and is used commercially on a very limited scale"; primarily research + pharmacy-grade.

Năng Lượng & Ngũ Hành
§11 Energetics — TCM, Ayurveda, aromatic energetics

Not applicable — contraindicated-all-routes status precludes traditional energetic / TCM / Ayurvedic / planetary-symbolism application; for completeness:

  • TCM affinity: N/A (not used clinically)
  • Five-element: N/A
  • Ayurvedic dosha: N/A
  • Planetary: N/A
  • South American indigenous heritagePilocarpus jaborandi leaves used in Tupi indigenous medicine (Brazil) — name "jaborandi" derives from Tupi yaborã-ndi meaning "what causes drooling" (referencing pilocarpine-induced salivation); historical traditional use under shamanic supervision NOT generalizable to modern consumer aromatherapy

Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Y Khoa

§14 Renderer Contract — Tisserand & Young V2.2

Thông Số Định Lượng

hazards
["may_be_toxic","uncertain_toxicity","pilocarpine_alkaloid_carryover_potential","aliphatic_methyl_ketone_uncharacterized","regulatory_prohibited_eu_canada","uk_pharmacy_only_since_1968"]
phototoxic
false
safety_level
avoid
cap_derivation
do_not_use_regulatory_prohibited_EU_Canada_UK_pharmacy_only_uncertain_toxicity_aliphatic_methyl_ketone_class_pilocarpine_alkaloid_carryover_burfield_2011
oxidation_risk
medium
drug_interactions
["pilocarpine_parasympathomimetic_muscarinic_potential_anticholinergic_cardiac_glycoside_asthma_bronchodilator_moot_given_contraindicated_all"]
shelf_life_months
24
max_dilution_adult
0
contraindicated_all
true
max_dilution_elderly
0
max_oral_dose_mg_day
0
max_dilution_child_2_6
0
max_dilution_sensitive
0
max_dilution_adult_face
0
max_dilution_child_6_12
0
contraindicated_children
true
contraindicated_pregnancy
true
max_dilution_child_under2
0
max_dilution_breastfeeding
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_1st
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_2nd
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_3rd
0

Luận Giải Văn Cảnh

hazards

hazards: ["may_be_toxic_uncertain_toxicity_pilocarpine_alkaloid_carryover_potential_aliphatic_methyl_ketone_uncharacterized"]

storage

oxidation_risk: medium

dilution

max_dilution_adult: null

botanical

latin_name: Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes

chemistry

dominant_constituent: (+)-Limonene OR β-Caryophyllene

commercial

availability: very_limited_prohibited_EU_Canada_UK_pharmacy_only

oil_metadata

slug: jaborandi

safety_flags

phototoxic: FALSE

Tài Liệu Y Khoa Tham Khảo

  • Tisserand R, Young R (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals (2nd ed.), Ch. 13 p. 630–631. Jaborandi oil monograph.
  • Andrade-Neto M, Mendes PH, Silveira ER (2000). Chemistry of Pilocarpus jaborandi leaves EO. Cited in T&Y for limonene + tridecanone CT chemistry.
  • Taveira FSN, de Lima WN, Andrade EHA, Maia JGS (2003). Chemistry of Pilocarpus microphyllus leaves EO. Cited in T&Y for β-caryophyllene + pentadecanone CT chemistry.
  • Craveiro AA, Matos FJA, Alencar JW (1979). Older chemistry profile of Pilocarpus jaborandi — limonene + 2-undecanone main constituents. Cited in T&Y commentary.
  • Guenther E (1949). The Essential Oils, Vol. 3, p.375. Older citation of 2-undecanone as main constituent of P. jaborandi.
  • Burfield T (2011). Banned Essential Oils (www.cropwatch.org), v1.07a. Maintains jaborandi oil contains 0.8% of toxic alkaloids — contested per T&Y but credible.
  • UK regulation (1968). Jaborandi preparations restricted to pharmacy-only sale under pharmacist supervision.
  • EU cosmetic regulation. Jaborandi extracts and oils prohibited as cosmetic ingredients.
  • Canada cosmetic regulation. Same prohibition.