- Pelargonium x asperum Ehrh. ex Willd. — Reunion chemotype (= original "Bourbon/Rose geranium" per T&Y p.602 comments). Reunion Island (Indian Ocean, French territory) là quê gốc thương mại; tên "Bourbon" từ tên cũ của Reunion (Île Bourbon trước 1848).
- Hazards: Drug interaction + Skin sensitization (low risk). Contraindications: None known dermal. Oral caution: diabetes meds + CYP2B6. Rabbit dermal LD₅₀ 2.5 g/kg (Opdyke 1974 p.883) — moderate toxicity flag — khác Moroccan/Algerian > 5 g/kg.
- Reunion profile (Lawrence 1989/1996f/1999a): citronellol 20.3–47.7% (wide) + geraniol 7.3–30.3% (wide) + linalool 3.1–13.8% + citronellyl formate 4.8–12.4%.
- Max dermal 17.5% T&Y (geraniol 30.3% × 5.3% cap; SYMELab 5% platform cap); non-phototoxic (Opdyke 1974 p.883–884).
- Bourbon = premium retail chemotype, olfactorily fullest rose character, most expensive. Retail "Rose Geranium" hầu hết là Reunion/Bourbon; commercial aromatherapy standard.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Pelargonium x asperum Ehrh. ex Willd.
- Họ thực vật
- Geraniaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fresh aerial parts (leaves + stems + immature flower buds) — harvested just before/during flowering
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation; traditional copper pot stills (alembics) — CRITICAL: Réunion artisan distillers
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to golden amber; **deeper amber than Chinese/Moroccan grades; lighter than some darker batches of Egyptian**; mobile oil; Réunion artisan batches sometimes exhibit slightly deeper golden hue; no green tinge (unlike fresh-distilled Moroccan/Chinese)
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Middle
- Hương thơm
- Middle note (strong Middle-Top character with excellent projection); **the most "rosy," "sweet," "honeyed-floral" of all four geranium grades**; opening: sweet-rosy, honeyed, rose-with-citrus; heart: rich rose-floral, warm, slightly green; dry-down: earthy-resinous, warm, lasting; distinctly **"warmer," "richer," "more honeyed"** than Egyptian (which is crisper/sharper); **"more complex and fuller"** than Chinese (greener/mintier) or Moroccan (cleaner/estery); unmistakably the "luxury" aroma that established geranium in Grasse fine fragrance tradition
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- Bourbon chemotype — THE benchmark premium grade; the chemical fingerprint that ALL other grades are compared against; defining markers: **Citronellol 32–45% (HIGHEST of all grades); Rose oxide (cis + trans total) 1.3–3.5% (= Egyptian, both highest); 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol 1–3% (lowest of four grades); Geraniol 5–12% (LOWEST of four grades); Isomenthone 4–7%; Citronellyl formate 4–9%; β-Bourbonene (namesake compound) 1.5–3.5% (HIGHEST of all grades — trace or absent in Chinese/Egyptian)**
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
**Madagascar ★★★★★** (Antsirabe highlands — modern primary "Bourbon" source; ~15–25 MT/yr authentic Bourbon chemotype); **Réunion Island (France) ★★★★☆** (original origin; artisan small-batch; 1–3 MT/yr; highest price tier); China ★★★★★ (non-Bourbon; volumes); Egypt ★★★★☆ (~40 MT/yr); Morocco ★★★★☆ (~15–25 MT/yr); India ★★★☆☆ (some Bourbon-adjacent); South Africa ★★☆☆☆ (original homeland; small quantities)
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐★★★☆ — imported; RAREST và ĐẮT NHẤT trong bốn geranium entries tại VN; authentic Réunion Bourbon: cực hiếm, 500,000–1,200,000+ VND/10ml; Madagascar Bourbon: 300,000–800,000 VND/10–30ml từ specialist importers; significant fraud — many "Bourbon" labels are Egyptian or Chinese; GC/MS: citronellol ≥37% + rose oxide ≥1.3% + β-bourbonene ≥1.5% = three-marker authentication
Phân loại nốt
Middle note (with strong Middl
Cường độ
Đang cập nhật
Độ bền trên da
5–10 hours; 18–24 hours on fabric; BEST longevity of all four grades — rose oxide + β-bourbonene + caryophyllene oxide combination provides superior fixation
Họ hương
[Primary: Floral-Rosy-Honeyed] [Secondary: Warm-Spicy / Subtle Green]
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Rich honeyed-rosy, warm-sweet rose, transparent rosy-lychee (from rose oxide), green-floral heart, warm spicy-earthy dry-down, complex, full, "luxurious," "vintage," unmistakably "Bourbon" — this is the aroma that defined "rose geranium" in perfumery history; the "rosy warmth" and "honeyed richness" are uniquely Bourbon
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Hoa hồng ấm mật ngọt – trong suốt vải lụa rose – xanh hoa cỏ nhẹ – ấm đất gia vị – phức hợp sang trọng; phong cách "vintage luxury" và "warmth" khác biệt hoàn toàn so với ba grade còn lại; đây là hương "rose geranium cổ điển" trong ký ức của giới fine fragrance Grasse
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
5–10 hours; 18–24 hours on fabric; BEST longevity of all four grades — rose oxide + β-bourbonene + caryophyllene oxide combination provides superior fixation
Da khô
5/5
Xuất sắc — Bourbon's citronellol skin-conditioning + 2-phenylethyl tiglate emollient + caryophyllene oxide anti-inflammatory = outstanding dry skin benefit; 1–1.5% trong rosehip + marula; honey-rosy scent enhances luxury dry skin product positioning
Da dầu/mụn
4/5
Tốt — citronellol (32–45% — HIGHEST) = strongest astringent; antimicrobial; BUT: highest citronellol = MOST SENSITISING at same % → lower dilution (0.5–1%) for acne protocols; patch test always; excellent but requires careful dosing vs Chinese/Moroccan
Viêm da cơ địa
3/5
CAUTION — REDUCED RATING vs other grades — highest citronellol = highest sensitisation risk in atopic skin; 0.3–0.5% MAX in eczema; Moroccan or Egyptian preferred for eczema applications; TRÁNH active flare absolutely
Da lão hóa
5/5
BEST GRADE for anti-aging — highest citronellol antioxidant + collagenase inhibition (PMC8452390); 2-phenylethyl tiglate emollient; caryophyllene oxide anti-inflammatory; 1–1.5% trong rosehip + marula or evening primrose; MOST luxurious anti-aging serum base
Da nhạy cảm
3/5
MOST CAUTION OF ALL GRADES — highest citronellol (32–45%) = highest EU 26 allergen load; 24h patch test mandatory; start ≤0.5%; rose oxide (1.3–3.5%) also contributes to potential sensitisation; NOT recommended as first-choice for documented citronellol sensitivity
Da hỗn hợp
4/5
Tốt — balancing but slightly LESS IDEAL than Chinese/Moroccan for combination skin due to highest citronellol; 1% trong jojoba; monitor T-zone carefully
Nhập khẩu**Imported Ultra-Premium ★★★★★** — không di sản VN; **"the holy grail" của geranium grades tại thị trường VN high-end; biểu tượng luxury trong aromatherapy và natural fragrance VN chuyên nghiệp**
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu phong lữ thảo Bourbon — kỹ thuật/phân biệt grade
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
KHÔNG có lịch sử YHCT truyền thống VN - Trong cộng đồng aromatherapy chuyên nghiệp VN: Bourbon là grade được "tôn vinh" nhất của geranium; 5-star spa cao cấp HN (Sofitel, Lotte, Pan Pacific) và HCM (Park Hyatt, Caravelle) thường chỉ định "Bourbon grade" trong premium treatment menu; một số natural perfumers VN chuyên dụng Bourbon cho rose accord và fine fragrance product lines - Tuy nhiên trong thị trường đại chúng VN: nhiều sản phẩm label "Rose Geranium Bourbon" thực chất là Chinese grade — cần
Mua hàng tại VN
Réunion artisan Bourbon: Cực hiếm tại VN; 500,000–1,200,000+ VND/10ml; chủ yếu qua direct import hoặc Pháp-based suppliers; ít nhà phân phối VN có stock - Madagascar Bourbon authentic (GC/MS verified): 300,000–800,000 VND/10–30ml; tìm được qua: Tisserand Aromatherapy distributors VN; some specialist organic EO importers; các nhà phân phối EU organic brands - CẢNH BÁO LỚN NHẤT TRONG DATABASE: Bourbon là grade bị giả mạo / mislabel NHIỀU NHẤT và NGUY HIỂM NHẤT vì: 1. Giá cao nhất → lợi nhuận gian
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Anti-aging / Collagen preservation
GEO vesicular cream: in vitro collagenase + elastase enzyme inhibition confirmed (PMC8452390, 2021); DPPH antioxidant capacity significantly higher than control; CLSM confirmed deep skin penetration; citronellol (32–45%) + rose oxide antioxidant synergy; rjptonline.org 2024 anti-aging review confirms geranium (citronellol + geraniol dominant) anti-inflammatory + antioxidant = anti-aging mechanism; Bourbon grade's highest citronellol (32–45%) = theoretically strongest anti-aging benefit of all grades.
Ref: PMC8452390 (2021); rjptonline.org 2024
Anxiolytic / Stress-reduction
Class RCT evidence (all geranium grades): PMC10818376 2023 (LSS inhalation; pain/anxiety/stress ↓ P<0.001); PMC4484988 2015 (labour anxiety ↓ P=0.001); linalool + citronellol olfactory-limbic; rose oxide (1.3–3.5% — = Egyptian, both highest) may contribute additional hedonic/emotional dimension via olfactory pathway.
Ref: PMC10818376; PMC4484988
PMS / Menstrual support
Grade A RCT class evidence (PMC6238350 2018); Bourbon grade highest citronellol 32–45% → strongest phytoestrogen-adjacent + astringent action; geraniol (5–12%) antispasmodic; 2-phenylethyl tiglate honey-rose note may increase compliance in therapeutic protocols.
Ref: PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209
Antimicrobial / Antifungal
Citronellol (32–45% — HIGHEST) dominant antimicrobial; geraniol antifungal + antibacterial; PMC9459842 2022 confirms PGEO dermaprotective + antibacterial; PMC10489623 2023 antifungal vs Candida + dermatophytes.
Ref: PMC9459842; PMC10489623
Antidepressant
Geraniol (5–12%) NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition (PMID 26454213); β-bourbonene earthy-grounding dimension adds additional limbic-calming quality; rose oxide hedonic value = emotional lift.
Ref: PMID 26454213; PMID 29468757
Anti-inflammatory / Analgesic
Citronellol + geraniol + linalool anti-inflammatory; Nature Sci Rep 2025 PGEO-NE analgesic; for PURE anti-inflammatory purposes, Egyptian (#026 — higher eudesmol) and Moroccan (#027) may offer slightly superior benefit; but Bourbon's citronellol volume compensates.
Ref: PMC12548295 (2025)
Skin brightening / Hyperpigmentation
Geraniol melanogenesis inhibition; citronellol antioxidant; 2-phenylethyl tiglate skin conditioning; rjptonline.org 2024 confirms geranium anti-aging + hyperpigmentation.
Ref: rjptonline.org 2024
Tick / Acaricide repellent
PMC12849189 2025 — geranium EO acaricidal properties vs tick species; citronellol dominant repellent constituent.
Ref: PMC12849189 (2025)
PMC8452390 (2021)
GEO + calendula vesicular cream: collagenase + elastase inhibition in vitro; DPPH antioxidant; CLSM deep skin penetration; anti-aging confirmation
In vitro + ex vivo — Moderate-HighPMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (2018 RCT)
Geranium aromatherapy massage PMS n=120; 2% sweet almond; physical + psychological ↓ P<0.001
Grade A RCT — HighPMC10818376 (2023 RCT)
GEO inhalation LSS: pain/anxiety/stress ↓ P<0.001; depression ↓ P=0.006
Grade B RCT — HighPMC4484988 (2015 RCT)
GEO inhalation first-stage labour anxiety ↓ P=0.001; diastolic BP ↓
Grade B RCT — ModeratePMC9459842 (2022)
PGEO chemical profiling + antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermaprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial — multi-assay confirmation
In vitro — ModeratePMC10489623 (2023)
PGEO antifungal vs Candida + dermatophytes; MIC determined
In vitro — Moderatejintegrativederm.org (2025)
LGEO reduces inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, hydrocarbon-induced DNA damage in human cell lines; high antioxidant activity
In vitro human cell lines — Moderaterjptonline.org 2024
Geranium EO anti-aging review: geraniol + citronellol anti-inflammatory + antioxidant = anti-aging; hyperpigmentation reduction mechanism
Narrative review — ModeratePMC12849189 (2025)
GEO acaricidal properties vs ticks; citronellol dominant repellent
In vitro/ex vivo — ModeratePMID 26454213 (2015)
Geraniol antidepressant NF-κB + NLRP3
Preclinical — ModerateTâm trạng: Balancing + Deeply Uplifting + Nurturing/Comforting + Luxuriously Sensual — Bourbon is the most emotionally "rich" and "warming" of all four grades; while Chinese is "refreshing-balancing," Egyptian is "crisp-harmonising," Moroccan is "clarifying-purifying," Bourbon is uniquely "nurturing-luxurious-heart-opening"; the honeyed-rosy warmth creates a sense of being "held" emotionally; higher rose oxide concentration may enhance hedonic-emotional pleasure response via olfactory limbic pathway
Luxurious nurturingdeep emotional warmthheart-opening sensualityself-love and worthreleasing grief/loss with warmthfeminine power and elegancecomfort in vulnerability
Chakra
Heart ★★★★★ (Anahata
Ngũ hành
Fire
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 2–4 drops / 100ml | Bourbon is STRONGER in projection — reduce vs other grades; blend with sandalwood + bergamot for "luxury spa"; 30–45 min maximum due to intensity |
| Topical massage (massage) | 2% dilution | ≈ 12 drops per 30ml sweet almond or jojoba; RCT-validated PMS protocol (PMC6238350); Bourbon highest aromatic impact at same dilution |
| Bath (tắm) | 4–6 drops trong 1 tbsp milk carrier | REDUCE 1–2 drops vs other grades — Bourbon's higher citronellol = slightly more skin irritant at same doses; warm bath "luxury rose" experience |
| Inhalation (hít) | 1–2 drops tissue / inhaler | 1 drop often sufficient — Bourbon's projection + longevity; 10–15 min; grief support + deep anxiety |
| Skincare | 0.5–1.5% in face product | Lower max % than other grades due to high citronellol (32–45%) EU 26 allergen load; target 0.5–1% for sensitive face products; 1–1.5% in body products; ALWAYS perform patch test |
| Fine fragrance | 1–5% in alcohol | Natural perfumery EDP/EDT; replace synthetic rose or extend rose absolute; Bourbon at 2–5% = excellent middle heart note |
| Luxury spa protocol | 1.5% sweet almond + 0.5% rose absolute (30ml) | "Rose extender" protocol: 18 drops Bourbon + 2–3 drops rose absolute = near-luxury rose accord at fraction of cost |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaPrimary recommendation: non-comedogenic; all skin types; wax ester chemistry compatible with high-citronellol Bourbon; extends longevity; best for high-citronellol sensitive-skin applications
Sweet AlmondRCT-validated carrier (PMC6238350 PMS RCT); classic; emollient; widely available
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralRose-ChypreFloral-AldehydicOriental-FloralFougèreGourmand-FloralWoodResin — Bourbon is uniquely versatile in classical AND modern perfumery structures; its richness bridges vintage and contemporary
Blend kinh điển
Bergamot FCF + Geranium Bourbon + Vetiver— classic rose-citrus-earthy; Chypre foundation; warm-elegant; enduring fine fragrance structure
Jasmine Absolute + Geranium Bourbon— iconic "rosy-jasmine" floral heart; grand floral structure; the most expensive pairing in this database; haute perfumery
Clary Sage + Geranium Bourbon— PMS hormonal support; Bourbon's richest rose + clary sage = most luxurious therapeutic blend; NON-PREGNANT
[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. Essential Oil Safety, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014. Geranium oil pp. 280–283; Citronellol (allergen) p. 175; Geraniol p. 199
[ISO specification] ISO 4731:2012 — Geranium oil, Bourbon type (Pelargonium x asperum Ehrenb. ex Willd.); citronellol ≥37%, geraniol + nerol ≥6%, rose oxide ≥0.1%
[GC/MS authentication] acgpubs.org 2018 — Stereochemical comparison geranium oils (China, Réunion/Bourbon, Morocco, Egypt, Australia): rose oxide stereoisomers; β-bourbonene authenticity
[GC/MS fingerprinting] dergipark.org.tr 2022 — Chemical fingerprinting PGEO GC-MS 37 compounds; rose oxide B 3.86%, citronellol 30.68%, geraniol 9.68%, citronellyl formate 9.90%; linalool 4.23%
[GC/MS review 2025] Pharmacia 2025 (pharmacia.pensoft.net) — Recent studies PGEO: citronellol 29.90%, trans-geraniol 18.03%, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol 8.27%, isomenthone 5.44%, linalool 5.13%
[GC/MS Madagascar Bourbon] robustmadagascar.com (2026) — Madagascar Bourbon chemotype: high citronellol + rose oxide + β-bourbonene; Antsirabe terroir; ISO 4731 compliance
[GC/MS comprehensive] PMC7122831 (2019) — Phytochemical composition + biological effects PGEO comprehensive review
[GC/MS multi-stage] PMC9459842 (2022) — PGEO chemical profiling antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermaprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
[Anti-aging evidence] PMC8452390 (2021) — GEO/CEO vesicular cream: collagenase + elastase inhibition in vitro; DPPH antioxidant; CLSM deep penetration
[Anti-aging review] rjptonline.org 2024 — Natural EOs for anti-aging review: geranium (citronellol + geraniol) anti-inflammatory + antioxidant + hyperpigmentation
[Dermatology review] jintegrativederm.org (2025) — EOs in dermatology: LGEO cytokine inhibition + antioxidant in human cell lines
[PMS RCT] PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (2018) — Grade A RCT PMS massage 2% sweet almond n=120 P<0.001
[Anxiety RCT] PMC10818376 (2023); PMC4484988 (2015)
[Antifungal] PMC10489623 (2023)
[Antidepressant] PMID 26454213 (2015); PMID 29468757 (2018)
[Acaricidal] PMC12849189 (2025)
[Smooth muscle] PMC12548295 (2025)
[History Réunion] en.reunion.fr — "Bourbon Geranium"; Grasse perfumers + Réunion history; introduced ~1870–1880
[History Grasse] lesourceur.com (2024) — Geranium Bourbon history; Grasse cultivation; rose substitute origin
[Perfumery use] pairfum.com (2025) — Geranium Bourbon perfumery: sweet-rosy-soft; woody-citrusy pairings
[History Madagascar] robustmadagascar.com (2026) — Réunion → Madagascar transition; Antsirabe highlands; modern Bourbon gold standard
[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS HIGH (ISO standard + multiple peer-reviewed + COA sources + historical authentication studies); Safety HIGH (Tisserand + IFRA); Clinical HIGH (Grade A RCT PMS; multiple Grade B RCT); Perfumery HIGH (Grasse historical record + contemporary fine fragrance industry documentation); VN context MODERATE (market/pricing 2024–2026 data)
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
17.5%
Giới hạn IFRA
Xem chi tiết
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Caution
Tam cá nguyệt 2Caution
Tam cá nguyệt 3Caution
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
- x *Dermal limits:**
- x **Rose oxide:** Not individually EU 26 listed, but contributes to overall sensitisation potential; Bourbon's higher rose oxide vs Chinese = additional consideration for sensitive individuals
- x *Pregnancy & Breastfeeding (Thai kỳ):**
- x T1: **Caution** — HIGHEST phytoestrogen-adjacent geraniol activity at lower percentage BUT highest citronellol; ≤0.5–1%, avoid abdominal massage; inhalation 1–2 drops OK
- x T2: **Caution / Generally safe ≤1%** — same principle; minimal topical + inhalation acceptable; note: HIGHEST citronellol = MOST phytoestrogen-adjacent concern at same volume
- x T3: **Caution / Generally safe at ≤1%** standard dilutions
- x Breastfeeding: **Generally safe 1–1.5%**; avoid nipple/breast area
- x *Age Restrictions:**
- x <3 tháng: AVOID absolutely
- x 3 tháng – 2 tuổi: AVOID topical; diffusion 1 drop very large room only
- x 2–6 tuổi: ≤0.25% topical (LOWER than other grades due to highest citronellol)
- x 6–10 tuổi: ≤0.5%
- x 10+: Standard adult dilutions with patch test
- x *Drug Interactions:**
- x **Hypoglycaemics / Insulin:** Geraniol glucose-lowering (weaker signal in Bourbon due to lower geraniol 5–12%); less concern than Egyptian/Moroccan; monitor
- x **HRT / OCP / SERMs:** Phytoestrogen-adjacent; **LOWEST geraniol of four grades but HIGHEST citronellol** — net phytoestrogen-adjacent effect similar to other grades; consult if hormone-sensitive
- x **Anticoagulants:** Geraniol antiplatelet; minimal at aromatherapy dilutions
- x *Contraindications:**
- x Known allergy to citronellol, geraniol, or rose oxide
- x Avoid undiluted topical — ESPECIALLY important for Bourbon (highest citronellol)
- x Hormone-sensitive cancers: theoretical phytoestrogen concern; oncologist consultation
- x Eczema / severely atopic skin: use Egyptian or Moroccan instead
- x T1 abdominal massage, >1% topical
- x *Quality markers (Kiểm tra chất lượng):**
- x **Genuine Bourbon GC/MS — THREE PRIMARY AUTHENTICATION MARKERS:**
- x **Citronellol ≥32% (ISO 4731 target ≥37%)** ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER
- x **β-Bourbonene ≥1.5%** ✓ — DEFINITIVE BOURBON AUTHENTICATOR; absent/trace = non-Bourbon
- x **Rose oxide (cis + trans total) ≥1.3%** ✓ — HIGH-QUALITY Bourbon; <1.0% = suspect
- x Supporting markers: Citronellol:Geraniol ratio ≥3:1; 2-Phenylethyl tiglate ≥1%; Isomenthone 4–7% (if >10% = Chinese mislabelled)
- x **Adulteration risks — HIGHEST of all grades (premium price = highest fraud incentive):**
- x Chinese sold as Bourbon — citronellol 18–26% (<32%), absent β-bourbonene, lower rose oxide, higher isomenthone
- x Egyptian sold as Bourbon — citronellol 25–36% (just below 37%), may meet some ISO 4731 criteria but β-bourbonene absent, higher eudesmol
- x Synthetic citronellol inflation — adds citronellol to meet 37% threshold but β-bourbonene + rose oxide + 2-phenylethyl tiglate proportions off; IRMS detection required definitively
- x Palmarosa adulteration — near-inversion of geraniol:citronellol ratio; absent β-bourbonene
- x Non-Réunion/non-Madagascar oil fraudulently labelled "Réunion" or "Bourbon" — most common at premium price points
Genuine Bourbon GC/MS — THREE PRIMARY AUTHENTICATION MARKERS: - Citronellol ≥32% (ISO 4731 target ≥37%) ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER - β-Bourbonene ≥1.5% ✓ — DEFINITIVE BOURBON AUTHENTICATOR; absent/trace = non-Bourbon - Rose oxide (cis + trans total) ≥1.3% ✓ — HIGH-QUALITY Bourbon; <1.0% = suspect - Supporting markers: Citronellol:Geraniol ratio ≥3:1; 2-Phenylethyl tiglate ≥1%; Isomenthone 4–7% (if >10% = Chinese mislabelled) Adulteration risks — HIGHEST of all grades (premium price = highest fraud incen
Bảo quản
Thủy tinh hổ phách màu tối; <20°C (refrigerate tại VN — many specialist oils); tránh UV + nhiệt; shelf life 3 năm kín (Bourbon's lower eudesmol/ester balance provides reasonable stability); 18–24 tháng đã mở; rose oxide labile under heat/UV — refrigeration extends potency of Bourbon's signature rose