Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- *Pelargonium x asperum* Ehrh. ex Willd. (syn. *Pelargonium graveolens* L'Hér. ex Aiton — commercial INCI/trade name; CAS 8000-46-2)
- Họ thực vật
- Geraniaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fresh aerial parts (leaves + stems + flower tops) — harvested before/during flowering; 2–3 harvests/
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation; modern industrial stills in Meknes and Khemisset regions; some artisan producers
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to light amber; sometimes with a slightly greener tinge in high-altitude Atlas Mountain samples; mobile liquid; fresh-distilled batches notably more "green" in aroma
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- Middle note; complex rosy-floral with prominent "clean rose-ester" character from high citronellyl formate; notably fresh-rosy opening; warm herbaceous midnote from isomenthone; earthy-woody dry-down from eudesmol; slightly "softer" and "cleaner" than Egyptian (less "citrus-sharp"); slightly "richer" and "more rosy-ester" than Chinese; the fresh rose-ester signature is the most distinctive Moroccan aroma characteristic
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- Moroccan chemotype — distinct identity within the *P. x asperum* species complex; positioned as:
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐⭐★★☆ — imported; Moroccan grade is the LEAST COMMON of the four geranium grades on the Vietnamese market; found primarily through premium/specialist aromatherapy importers and online; significantly rarer than Chinese or Egyptian grade; price range: 200,000–600,000 VND / 10–30ml for authentic Moroccan organic grade; high probability of geographic mislabelling (other origins sold as Moroccan); always request GC/MS with citronellyl formate ≥8%
Clean rose-ester, fresh-rosy, bright green-floral, slightly herbal-minty midnote, warm earthy dry-down, "softer" than Egyptian, "richer ester" than Chinese — Moroccan's distinctive character is its clean, bright, fresh-rosy-ester quality that modern "clean beauty" perfumers increasingly prize
Hồng ester sạch tươi – hoa xanh sáng – thảo dược nhẹ bạc hà – ấm đất khô – tinh khiết; đặc biệt "trong sáng" và "sạch" hơn các grade khác; phù hợp cho xu hướng "clean beauty" hiện đại
4–8 hours (skin); 12–16 hours (fabric); geranyl tiglate + citronellyl formate esters provide good tenacity
Tốt — citronellol skin-conditioning; high ester content (15–28%) = smooth skin texture; 1.5–2% trong argan; high ester Moroccan profile particularly suitable for dry skin "softening" formulations
Xuất sắc — citronellol astringent + MRSA antimicrobial (PMC6268326); high eudesmol (5–12%) antibacterial vs P. acnes; 1% trong jojoba; excellent toner additive; Moroccan's "clean" profile ideal for acne treatment formulations
Tốt remission — γ-eudesmol (5–12%) NF-κB inhibition; anti-inflammatory + antimicrobial; 0.5–1% trong hemp seed + jojoba; citronellyl formate antispasmodic may provide additional anti-itch benefit; TRÁNH active flare
Xuất sắc — γ-eudesmol (5–12%) + citronellol + geraniol antioxidant + collagen-supportive; high ester content skin-smoothing; 1.5–2% trong argan + rosehip serum; "organic anti-aging" premium positioning
SLIGHTLY BETTER TOLERATED than Egyptian — Moroccan's lower rose oxide content (0.8–2.0% vs Egyptian 1.3–3.5%) may reduce total allergen load slightly; BUT citronellol + geraniol still present; patch test mandatory; ≤0.5–1% leave-on; higher ester content may provide additional anti-inflammatory buffe
Lý tưởng — balancing + sebum regulation; Moroccan's high ester + citronellol combination = excellent T-zone control + dry area conditioning; 1–1.5% trong jojoba
Vùng trồng / sản xuất tại VN
Không có vùng sản xuất trong nước
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
KHÔNG có lịch sử YHCT truyền thống VN - Moroccan grade là grade ÍT PHỔ BIẾN NHẤT trong bốn geranium grades tại VN — tìm thấy chủ yếu qua: (1) premium organic aromatherapy importers; (2) online mua trực tiếp từ Moroccan suppliers/wholesalers; (3) một số spa high-end định vị "organic Moroccan" - Xu hướng VN 2024–2026: Moroccan geranium đang được tìm kiếm nhiều hơn bởi cộng đồng clean beauty VN, đặc biệt sau xu hướng "Moroccan argan skincare" lan rộng; positioning "argan + geranium Morocco" = authe
Mua hàng tại VN
Moroccan organic grade: 200,000–600,000 VND / 10–30ml (đắt nhất trong các Geranium entries trừ Bourbon) - Nguồn: Trực tiếp từ Moroccan organic producers (e-xportmorocco.com, ABLbotanicals.com); European organic ingredient distributors - CẢNH BÁO: Đây là grade bị mislabel nhiều nhất tại VN — Chinese hoặc Egyptian hay được bán là "Moroccan" vì: (1) Moroccan ít phổ biến hơn = người mua ít biết profile thật; (2) "Moroccan" positioning nghe "exotic/premium" → cần GC/MS với citronellyl formate ≥8% + a
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Geranium oil (PGEO) shows STRONG antimicrobial activity against clinical S. aureus including MRSA strains; MIC 0.25–0.5 µL/mL inhibited MRSA exhibiting high cefoxitin resistance (MIC 16–256 µg/mL); geranium + tea tree oil combination very strong against non-typable MRSA from burn unit wounds; citronellol + geraniol + citronellyl formate synergy; PMC6268326 (2012) is a landmark paper specifically testing Moroccan-produced geranium oil for MRSA.
Ref: PMC6268326 / PMID 22937083
PGEO antibacterial vs drug-resistant strains: E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter sakazakii, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa from clinical wounds; PMC12729739 2025 review confirms geranium EO active against WHO priority pathogens.
Ref: PMC12729739 (2025)
All geranium grades share strong clinical evidence; PMC10818376 RCT: GEO inhalation pain/anxiety/stress reduction P<0.001; PMC4484988 2015 labour anxiety P=0.001; linalool (2–8%) + citronellol olfactory-limbic; Moroccan grade's citronellyl formate (8–16%) may contribute additional antispasmodic-anxiolytic dimension.
Ref: PMC10818376; PMC4484988
Citronellol + geraniol + γ-eudesmol (5–12%) triple antifungal activity; JAPSON antifungal study: geraniol and citronellol dominant antifungals vs Candida + dermatophytes; Moroccan eudesmol levels (5–12%) provide significant additional fungal membrane disruption.
Ref: japsonline 1200_pdf; PMC10489623
γ-Eudesmol (5–12% — HIGH in Moroccan) NF-κB inhibitory + COX modulation; citronellol + geraniol anti-inflammatory synergy; arabicjchem.org 2023 fractionation study showed epi-γ-eudesmol 16.67% as dominant in Moroccan samples — key anti-inflammatory fraction.
Ref: arabjchem.org 2023 (DOI 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105419)
Citronellyl formate (8–16%) antispasmodic property + phytoestrogen-adjacent geraniol activity; same class-level evidence as Egyptian entry; PMC6238350 PMS RCT evidence applies across geranium grades (Moroccan not separately tested but mechanism-consistent); Moroccan grade's high ester content may provide superior antispasmodic effect for dysmenorrhoea.
Ref: PMC6238350
Geraniol (6–18%) NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition; CUMS antidepressant model; serotonergic.
Ref: PMID 26454213; PMID 29468757
CABI Meknes 2022 study specifically confirmed antioxidant activity of Moroccan geranium EO; citronellol + geraniol + γ-eudesmol antioxidant synergy via DPPH/ABTS assays; PMC10748180 review confirms.
Ref: CABI 20230034031; PMC10748180
Citronellol + geraniol + linalool "ability to relax smooth muscles" — PMC12548295 2025 review confirms; particularly relevant for digestive and menstrual antispasmodic applications; Moroccan grade's HIGH citronellyl formate (8–16%) + geranyl formate compounds contribute additional ester-mediated antispasmodic effect.
Ref: PMC12548295 (2025)
PMC6268326 / PMID 22937083 (2012)
PGEO vs clinical MRSA strains: MIC 0.25–0.5 µL/mL; inhibited MRSA (cefoxitin 16–256 µg/mL); geranium + tea tree synergy vs burn wound MRSA; Moroccan-origin oil explicitly used
In vitro clinical isolates — HighPMC10818376 (2023 RCT)
GEO inhalation LSS patients (n=62): pain-VAS ↓ p<0.001; anxiety-VAS ↓ p=0.001; stress-VAS ↓ p<0.001
Grade B RCT — HighPMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (2018 RCT)
Geranium aromatherapy massage PMS n=120; 2% sweet almond; physical + psychological PMS ↓ P<0.001
Grade A RCT — HighPMC4484988 (2015 RCT)
Geranium EO inhalation first-stage labour anxiety P=0.001
Grade B RCT — ModeratePMC10748180 (2023 review)
Comprehensive Pelargonium volatile bioactivity review; multiple antimicrobial + antioxidant studies consolidated
Systematic review — HighPMC12729739 (2025)
PGEO antibacterial vs WHO priority drug-resistant pathogens from clinical wounds
In vitro — Moderatearabjchem.org 2023 (DOI 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105419)
PGEO fractionation + antibacterial: epi-γ-eudesmol fraction dominant (16.67%); antibacterial fractions characterised
In vitro — ModerateCABI 20230034031 (2022)
Meknes Morocco 32-constituent GC/MS + antioxidant activity confirmation of Moroccan PGEO
Analytical + in vitro — ModeratePMC12548295 (2025)
PGEO smooth muscle relaxation review; citronellol + geraniol + linalool confirmed as smooth muscle relaxants
Systematic review — ModeratePMID 26454213 (2015)
Geraniol antidepressant CUMS; NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition
Preclinical — ModerateTâm trạng: Balancing + Uplifting + Purifying/Clarifying (Moroccan grade chia sẻ core balancing của tất cả geranium, nhưng high citronellyl formate tạo thêm đặc trưng "purifying-brightening-clarifying" — đặc biệt phù hợp cho emotional clearing work, releasing mental clutter, và establishing clear emotional boundaries; aroma "cleaner" và "lighter" hơn Egyptian → ít narcotic, dễ tiếp cận hơn cho sensitive individuals)
Chakra
Heart Chakra ★★★★★ (Anahata
Ngũ hành
Wood
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 3–5 drops / 100ml | 30–60 min; "clean beauty" spa ambiance; blend với Atlas cedarwood + bergamot for authentic Moroccan accord; emotional clarity + calm |
| Topical massage (massage) | 2% dilution | ≈ 12 drops per 30ml sweet almond or argan oil; RCT-validated protocol (PMS massage 2%); abdominal + lower back for dysmenorrhoea |
| Bath (tắm) | 5–8 drops trong 1 tbsp milk/argan carrier | Pre-dilute; "organic spa bath" protocol; rose geranium Morocco + Atlas cedar 3 drops each; evening stress-relief |
| Inhalation (hít) | 2–3 drops tissue / personal inhaler | 10–15 min; emotional clarity + anxiety; safe for sustained use; lighter profile than Egyptian → less overpowering for sensitive users |
| Skincare | 1–2% in face product | ≈ 6–12 drops per 30ml; organic certified formulations; sebum-balancing + anti-aging; high ester = fresh rose scent in leave-on products |
| Organic formulation | 1–1.5% in certified organic product | Moroccan organic grade compatible with ECOCERT/COSMOS certification; preferred by natural cosmetics brands for certification requirements |
| Hair care | 1–2% in hair oil or mask | Argan oil carrier preferred for authentic Moroccan "argan + geranium" hair care protocol; antifungal + sebum + fragrance |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Kết hợp tốt với
Blend kinh điển
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
17.5%
Giới hạn IFRA
YES — citronellol and geraniol individually restricted per IFRA 51; Moroccan grade not separately restricted vs other PGEO grades; product-level calculations apply per batch GC/MS
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
- x *Dermal limits:**
- x **Max dermal % (Tisserand & Young):** **~2%** leave-on — same basis as Entries #025 and #026: cumulative EU 26 citronellol + geraniol allergen consideration
- x **Clinical validated dose:** 2% in sweet almond (PMC6238350 PMS RCT) applies to all geranium grades including Moroccan
- x *Pregnancy & Breastfeeding (Thai kỳ):**
- x T2: **Caution / Generally safe ≤1%** — minimal topical + inhalation acceptable; consult healthcare provider; HIGH ester content warrants same level caution as Egyptian
- x T3: **Caution / Generally safe standard dilutions** — same as T2
- x Breastfeeding: **Generally safe at 1–2%**; avoid nipple/breast area
- x *Age Restrictions:**
- x <3 tháng: AVOID
- x 3 tháng – 2 tuổi: AVOID topical; diffusion 1 drop/phòng rất lớn
- x 2–10 tuổi: ≤0.5% topical; 1–2 drops diffusion
- x 10+: Standard adult dilutions
- x *Drug Interactions:**
- x **Hypoglycaemics / Insulin:** Geraniol glucose-lowering preclinical; monitor with antidiabetics + high-dose topical
- x **HRT / Oral contraceptives / SERMs:** Geraniol phytoestrogen-adjacent; discuss if hormone-sensitive condition
- x **Anticoagulants:** Geraniol mild antiplatelet; not significant at aromatherapy dilutions
- x *Contraindications:**
- x Known allergy to citronellol or geraniol (EU 26 allergens)
- x Avoid undiluted topical — always dilute
- x Hormone-sensitive cancers: theoretical phytoestrogen concern; consult oncologist
- x Pregnancy T1 + high ester = avoid abdominal massage; avoid >1%
- x *Quality markers (Kiểm tra chất lượng):**
- x **Genuine Moroccan grade GC/MS confirmation — PRIMARY MARKERS:**
- x **Citronellyl formate ≥8%** ✓ — MOST RELIABLE Moroccan marker
- x Citronellol 22–36% ✓
- x γ-Eudesmol (10-epi-γ-eudesmol) ≥5% ✓
- x **Aristolen ≥2%** ✓ — Moroccan elevated marker
- x Geranyl formate 3–6% ✓
- x Isomenthone 4–9% ✓
- x Rose oxide total 0.8–2.0% (variable)
- x **Citronellol:Citronellyl formate ratio ≈ 2:1 to 3:1** ✓
- x **Adulteration risks:**
- x Palmarosa — inverted geraniol:citronellol; absent esters/eudesmol/aristolen
- x Chinese sold as Moroccan — citronellyl formate <6%; lower eudesmol; absent aristolen; higher isomenthone (>8%)
- x Egyptian sold as Moroccan — lower citronellyl formate (<8%), higher rose oxide (>2.5%), lower aristolen
- x Synthetic esters added to boost citronellyl formate — IRMS detection; lack of complexity in sesquiterpene region
Genuine Moroccan grade GC/MS confirmation — PRIMARY MARKERS: - Citronellyl formate ≥8% ✓ — MOST RELIABLE Moroccan marker - Citronellol 22–36% ✓ - γ-Eudesmol (10-epi-γ-eudesmol) ≥5% ✓ - Aristolen ≥2% ✓ — Moroccan elevated marker - Geranyl formate 3–6% ✓ - Isomenthone 4–9% ✓ - Rose oxide total 0.8–2.0% (variable) - Citronellol:Citronellyl formate ratio ≈ 2:1 to 3:1 ✓ Adulteration risks: - Palmarosa — inverted geraniol:citronellol; absent esters/eudesmol/aristolen - Chinese sold as Moroccan — citro
Bảo quản
Thủy tinh hổ phách hoặc aluminium; <25°C (refrigerate tại VN); tránh UV + nhiệt; shelf life 2–3 năm kín; 12–18 tháng đã mở; citronellyl formate (ester) more susceptible to hydrolysis than alcohols → keep moisture-free; refrigerate in humid climates like Vietnam