- Pelargonium x asperum Ehrh. ex Willd. (Geraniaceae) — Chinese chemotype (1 trong 4 origin chemotypes: Chinese + Egyptian + Moroccan + Reunion/Bourbon). Tucker & Debaggio 2000 p.433: hybrid P. capitatum × P. radens — KHÔNG phải P. graveolens (P. graveolens chứa isomenthone 30–83%, hoàn toàn khác).
- Hazards: Drug interaction + Skin sensitization (low risk). Contraindications: None known dermal. Oral caution: diabetes medications + CYP2B6 substrates.
- Chinese profile (Benveniste & Azzo 1992a): citronellol 36.5–39.1% (HIGHEST của 4 chemotype) + citronellyl formate 9.2–10.1% + geraniol 8.7–8.9% + guaia-6,9-diene 6.5–6.8% + isomenthone 5.4–5.7%.
- Max dermal 17.5% (geraniol 30.3% × 5.3% limit per T&Y constituent cap) — high compared to citrus group; non-phototoxic (Opdyke 1974 Reunion p.883–884, Opdyke 1975 Moroccan p.451).
- Boukhris 2012 Tunisian oil: hypoglycemic effect diabetic rats comparable glibenclamide → evidence base cho diabetes drug interaction flag.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Pelargonium x asperum Ehrh. ex Willd.
- Họ thực vật
- Geraniaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fresh aerial parts (leaves, stems, flower buds) — Pelargonium is harvested 2–4 times per year in Yun
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation of fresh/partially dried aerial herbage
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to olive-yellow; slightly greener tinge than Bourbon or Egyptian grades; mobile liquid
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Middle
- Hương thơm
- Middle note; complex rose-floral with notable green-herbal, slightly minty (isomenthone) and earthy-rooty character; less purely "rosy" than Bourbon/Egyptian; more versatile as a blending middle note; lighter and less sweet than Bourbon; bright, fresh, slightly citrusy-floral opening that dries to green-woody-herbal
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- *P. x asperum* exists in multiple geographically distinct chemotypes — this entry covers the **Chinese (Yunnan) chemotype** specifically, which has a distinct GC/MS profile from Bourbon (Réunion), Egyptian, and Moroccan grades:
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
China (Yunnan) ★★★★★ — world's largest geranium oil producer at 80–110 MT/year (Ultra International 2025); Réunion Island ★★★☆☆ (Bourbon — premium); Egypt ★★★★☆ (high quality commercial); Morocco ★★★☆☆; Madagascar ★★☆☆☆; India ★★★☆☆ (Himachal Pradesh)
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐⭐⭐★☆ — Imported; widely available from Chinese and Indian suppliers; one of the most affordable and accessible essential oils on the Vietnamese market; geranium oil is commonly sold in aromatherapy shops in Hanoi and HCM City; Chinese-origin grade dominates the VN affordable market; price range: 80,000–350,000 VND / 10–30ml for Chinese grade (significantly cheaper than Bourbon/Egyptian); high adulteration rate with palmarosa oil or synthetic citronellol/geraniol; Pelargonium is not commercially cultivated in Vietnam.
Phân loại nốt
Middle note (sometimes classif
Cường độ
Đang cập nhật
Độ bền trên da
3–6 hours; 8–12 hours on fabric; shorter than Bourbon grade due to lower rose oxide
Họ hương
[Primary: Floral-Green] [Secondary: Herbal / Citrus-Rosy]
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Rose-floral, green-herbal, slightly minty, earthy-woody, fresh, versatile — Chinese grade has distinctly more green/herbal/minty character than Bourbon; less purely "rosy"
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Hoa hồng xanh tươi – thảo dược nhẹ – bạc hà thoảng – đất ẩm – hoa cỏ mát; ít "ngọt hoa" hơn loại Bourbon/Ai Cập nhưng tươi và dễ dùng hơn trong pha trộn
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
3–6 hours; 8–12 hours on fabric; shorter than Bourbon grade due to lower rose oxide
Da khô
4/5
Tốt — skin-conditioning + moisture-balancing effect; 1.5–2% trong rosehip; less ideal than for oily skin but good when combined with emollient carriers
Da dầu/mụn
5/5
Xuất sắc — citronellol + geraniol astringent + antimicrobial + sebum-regulating; 1% trong jojoba; excellent toner additive (2–3 drops per 100ml); reduces oiliness without over-drying
Viêm da cơ địa
4/5
Tốt khi remission — anti-inflammatory (linalool + geraniol) + antimicrobial + skin barrier support; 0.5–1% trong hemp seed + jojoba; TRÁNH active flare hoặc test với citronellol patch test trước
Da lão hóa
5/5
Xuất sắc — skin-tightening (astringent), antioxidant, cell-regenerative; 1.5–2% trong rosehip + argan evening serum; geraniol promotes skin repair + reduces fine lines (traditional + phytochemical support)
Da nhạy cảm
3/5
THẬN TRỌNG — citronellol + geraniol = EU 26 allergens; patch test bắt buộc; ≤0.5–1% trong sản phẩm leave-on; nhạy cảm từng trường hợp; Chinese grade less reactive than high-citronellol Bourbon for some individuals
Da hỗn hợp
5/5
Lý tưởng nhất — "balancing" nature suits combination skin perfectly; sebum regulation on T-zone + conditioning on dry areas; 1–1.5% trong jojoba
Nhập khẩu**Imported ★★★☆☆** — không có di sản VN; nhưng là tinh dầu RẤT QUAN TRỌNG cho ngành spa/aromatherapy/mỹ phẩm tự nhiên VN hiện đại; là một trong top 5 tinh dầu được sử dụng nhiều nhất trong spa VN
Vùng trồng / sản xuất tại VN
Không có vùng sản xuất trong nước
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu phong lữ thảo — tên khoa học/kỹ thuật (Geraniaceae = họ Phong lữ)
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
Geranium oil KHÔNG có gốc rễ trong YHCT Việt Nam truyền thống — đây là sản phẩm nhập khẩu hoàn toàn - Hiện đại: Sử dụng rộng rãi trong spa/massage VN (từ 2000s) — một trong các tinh dầu "core" nhất tại các spa cao cấp VN - Skincare tự nhiên VN: Geranium oil rất phổ biến trong cộng đồng DIY beauty/natural skincare VN (online communities), chủ yếu dùng cho da hỗn hợp/dầu, PMS, và pha nước hoa handmade - Trồng cảnh: Cây pelargonium (phong lữ thảo) được trồng làm cảnh ở nhiều vùng Đà Lạt và Hà Nội,
Mua hàng tại VN
Geranium oil là một trong những tinh dầu DỄ KIẾM VÀ RẺ NHẤT trên thị trường VN - Nguồn chính: Nhập từ Trung Quốc (Yunnan) qua các kênh thương mại; một số nhập Egyptian grade từ các supplier quốc tế - Giá: Chinese-origin 80,000–200,000 VND / 10ml (commodity grade); Egyptian/Bourbon 200,000–500,000 VND / 10ml (premium) - CẢNH BÁO adulteration tại VN: Tỷ lệ làm giả cao — đặc biệt geranium giá rẻ thường là palmarosa hoặc synthetic citronellol/geraniol blend; yêu cầu GC/MS; nhà cung cấp uy tín cần th
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Anxiolytic / Stress-reduction
Multiple RCTs confirm geranium EO inhalation significantly reduces anxiety (VAS), stress (VAS), and depression (VAS) scores; in LSS patients, GEO inhalation reduced pain-VAS (p<0.001), anxiety-VAS (p=0.001), stress-VAS (p<0.001); mechanism via citronellol + linalool olfactory-limbic activation + serotonergic modulation; GABAergic contribution (linalool).
Ref: PMC10818376 (2023); PMC4484988 (2015 RCT); PMID 29468757
Antidepressant
Geraniol (10–20%) exerts antidepressant effect via CUMS model in mice; reverses CUMS-induced IL-1β elevation; inhibits NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome; serotonergic pathway activation confirmed in P. roseum model; citronellol contributes.
Ref: PMID 26454213; PMID 29468757
Anti-inflammatory / Analgesic
Geranium EO nanoemulsion (PGEO-NE) confirms significant central and peripheral anti-nociceptive + anti-inflammatory activity in mice; citronellol + geraniol + linalool synergy mediates COX inhibition + opioid pathway involvement.
Ref: Nature Sci Rep 2025 (DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-00722-y); PMC10818376
Antimicrobial
Citronellol (18–26%) and geraniol (10–20%) inhibit S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. tropicalis; synergy between citronellol/geraniol and standard antibiotics documented; MIC values competitive.
Ref: PMC10489623 (2023); PMC3539951 (2012)
Antifungal
Geraniol potently inhibits dermatophytes (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes) and Candida species; especially relevant for skin/nail/scalp fungal conditions; geraniol disrupts fungal membrane integrity.
Ref: PMC10489623; PMC10778218
Haemostatic / Astringent
Geranium EO traditionally used to stop bleeding (topical); tightening effect on skin tissues; reduces excess sebum; astringent action well-supported by traditional use + geraniol/citronellol cell-tightening mechanism.
Ref: PMC7120831 (2019 review); traditional across all cultivation regions
Fatigue reduction / Sleep quality
Geranium aromatherapy for nurses: fatigue and sleep quality improved significantly vs control (P<0.05); inhalation protocol.
Ref: PMC10281030 (2023 RCT-level)
Labour anxiety reduction
Geranium EO inhalation in first-stage labour (RCT): anxiety levels significantly reduced (P=0.001) vs control group; diastolic BP reduction (P=0.005).
Ref: PMC4484988 (2015)
Antioxidant
Geraniol inhibits NF-κB; citronellol DPPH scavenging; overall PGEO antioxidant capacity consistent across multiple assays.
Ref: PMC10489623; PMC10778218
PMC10818376 (2023) — LSS Pain RCT
GEO inhalation vs placebo in lumbar spinal stenosis patients (n=62): pain-VAS ↓ (p<0.001); anxiety-VAS ↓ (p=0.001); stress-VAS ↓ (p<0.001); depression-VAS ↓ (p=0.006); sBP ↓ (p=0.002)
Grade B RCT — HighPMC4484988 (2015) — Labour anxiety RCT
Geranium EO inhalation in first-stage labour (nulliparous); anxiety VAS significantly lower vs control (P=0.001); diastolic BP reduction (P=0.005)
Grade B RCT — ModeratePMC10281030 (2023) — Nurse fatigue
Pelargonium graveolens aromatherapy: improved fatigue + sleep quality in nurses vs control (P<0.05)
Moderate — Quasi-experimentalPMID 29468757 (2018) — P. roseum anxiolytic
P. roseum EO (closely related species): significant anxiolytic + antidepressant in mice (EPM + OFT + FST); WAY-100635 reversal confirmed serotonergic pathway
Preclinical in vivo — ModeratePMID 26454213 (2015) — Geraniol antidepressant
Geraniol in CUMS mice model: antidepressant effect confirmed; NF-κB + NLRP3 pathway inhibition; IL-1β reduction
Preclinical in vivo — ModeratePMC10489623 (2023) — Antimicrobial synergy
GC/MS + antimicrobial + antioxidant of PGEO; synergistic effect with antibiotics against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa confirmed
In vitro — ModerateNature Sci Rep 2025 (DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-00722-y)
PGEO nanoemulsion vs pure PGEO: significant central + peripheral anti-nociception + anti-inflammatory in mice; opioid pathway + citronellol/geraniol/linalool synergy identified
Preclinical in vivo — ModeratePMC3539951 (2012)
42-compound GC/MS + antimicrobial characterisation; citronellol + geraniol dominant antimicrobials
Analytical + in vitro — ModerateTâm trạng: Balancing + Calming + Uplifting (geranium là tinh dầu "cân bằng" tiêu biểu nhất trong aromatherapy — không quá kích thích, không quá an thần; dịch chuyển trạng thái cảm xúc từ bất ổn về trung tâm; đặc biệt hữu ích cho biến động cảm xúc hormone-linked)
Emotional balancestabilityhormonal harmonygrounding-lightening dualityself-nurturingreleasing emotional rigidity
Chakra
Heart Chakra ★★★★★ (Anahata
Ngũ hành
Wood
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 3–5 drops / 100ml | 30–60 min; phòng làm việc, phòng ngủ; blend tốt nhất với lavender + bergamot; excellent ambient stress management |
| Topical massage (massage) | 2–3% dilution | ≈ 12–18 drops per 30ml carrier; toàn thân, bụng cho PMS, vai/cổ cho stress; versatile carrier pairing |
| Bath (tắm) | 5–8 drops trong 1 tbsp cream/milk | Pre-dilute; stress-relief evening bath; PMS soothing bath; safe và dễ dùng |
| Inhalation (hít) | 2–3 drops on tissue / personal inhaler | 10–15 min; acute anxiety và stress; safe for sustained inhalation unlike intense jasmine/ylang |
| Skincare (chăm sóc da) | 1–2% in face product | ≈ 6–12 drops per 30ml; facial serum, toner, moisturiser; excellent sebum-balancing; patch test recommended |
| Hair care (chăm sóc tóc) | 1–2% in hair oil or conditioner | ≈ 6–12 drops per 30ml; scalp massage blend; antifungal + sebum regulation + fragrance |
| Compress | 3–5 drops diluted in warm water | Topical compress for bruising, minor wounds, skin inflammation |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaNon-comedogenic wax ester; skin-similar; perfect base for sebum-balancing geranium formulations; extends shelf life; all skin types; hair applications
Rosehip SeedHigh linoleic acid + beta-carotene; synergistic with geranium for anti-aging + scar minimisation; mature and hyperpigmented skin
Sweet AlmondClassic massage carrier; skin-softening; emollient; natural complement to geranium's warm-floral character; body massage and bath oil
ArganRich in oleic + linoleic + vitamin E; luxury facial and hair combination with geranium; premium anti-aging positioning
Hemp SeedHigh gamma-linolenic acid (GLA); anti-inflammatory synergy with geranium for eczema and reactive skin at geranium 1% in hemp seed 50% / jojoba 50%
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralCitrusHerbWoodOrientalChypreFougère — one of the most versatile blending middle notes in natural perfumery; "the great harmonizer"
[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. Essential Oil Safety, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014. Geranium oil pp. 280–283; Citronellol p. 175; Geraniol p. 199; Pregnancy classification
[GC/MS Chinese origin] Jian-Qin Cu. "Geranium Oil from Yunnan, China." Perfumer & Flavorist, April 2016. Binchuan/Heqing/Yongsheng Yunnan production + GC/MS profile
[GC/MS origin comparison] ScenTree.co — Geranium oil CAS 8000-46-2; China vs Bourbon vs Egyptian GC/MS ranges
[GC/MS commercial] ijpjournal.com — "Analysis of Essential Oils in Commercial Geranium Oil by GC-MS." IJPJ 2022
[GC/MS comprehensive] PMC10778218 (2023) — In-depth chemical composition PGEO: citronellol 29.7%, geraniol 14.6%, menthol 6.7%, linalool 3.8%
[GC/MS antimicrobial] PMC10489623 (2023) — Antioxidant activity + chemical composition PGEO; citronellol 41.2%, geraniol 8%, isomenthone 4.1%
[GC/MS basic] PMC3539951 (2012) — Phytochemical composition + antimicrobial PGEO; citronellol 27.53%, geraniol 25.85%
[IFRA certificate] Amphora Aromatics IFRA Geranium Oil cert — Citronellol 25.0–43.0% (allergen declaration)
[IFRA geraniol standard] Perfumersworld IFRA 49 — Geraniol Amendment 49; Pelargonium graveolens CAS 8000-46-2 listed
[Clinical RCT pain] PMC10818376 (2023 RCT) — GEO inhalation pain + anxiety + stress in LSS patients; p<0.001
[Clinical RCT labour] PMC4484988 (2015 RCT) — Geranium EO inhalation first-stage labour anxiety; P=0.001
[Clinical RCT fatigue] PMC10281030 (2023) — P. graveolens aromatherapy fatigue + sleep quality nurses
[Anxiolytic preclinical] PMID 29468757 (2018) — P. roseum EO anxiolytic + antidepressant; serotonergic pathway
[Antidepressant preclinical] PMID 26454213 (2015) — Geraniol antidepressant CUMS model; NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition
[Anti-nociceptive] Nature Sci Rep 2025 (DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-00722-y) — PGEO nanoemulsion anti-nociceptive + anti-inflammatory
[Review pharmacology] ScienceDirect 2025 (DOI 10.1016/j.phytol.2025.x) — P. graveolens comprehensive review
[Supply chain] Ultra International B.V. — Geranium Oil (China) 2025: Yunnan 80–110 MT/year production data
[VN context] shanspa.vn — Pelargonium graveolens geranium oil trong mỹ phẩm VN (2025)
[Adulteration] Oshadhi UK — Purity, adulteration testing; Bourbon vs China blending; palmarosa as adulterant
[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS chemistry HIGH (multiple peer-reviewed + Perfumer & Flavorist industry source); safety HIGH (Tisserand + IFRA + craft360); clinical evidence HIGH (multiple RCTs); VN context MODERATE (market data 2024–2026 + no traditional VN YHCT records)
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
2%
Giới hạn IFRA
YES — Amphora IFRA cert: Citronellol = 25.0–43.0% (allergen disclosure); IFRA Geraniol standard Amendment 49: geraniol as individual ingredient restricted; product-level restriction dependent on citronellol + geraniol content of specific batch; no blanket product restriction comparable to jasmine/ylang at typical 2% use level
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Caution
Tam cá nguyệt 2Caution
Tam cá nguyệt 3Caution
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
- x *Dermal limits:**
- x **Practical safe leave-on skincare:** **1–2%** facial; **2–3%** body; generally considered one of the safer middle notes at standard use rates
- x *Pregnancy & Breastfeeding (Thai kỳ):**
- x T3: **Caution / Generally safe at low doses** — same as T2; some traditional practices use geranium for labour support at term
- x Breastfeeding: **Generally safe** — at standard dilution 1–2%; avoid around nipple area for nursing mothers
- x *Age Restrictions (Giới hạn tuổi):**
- x Trẻ sơ sinh dưới 3 tháng: AVOID — không có safety data; skin barrier immature
- x Trẻ 3 tháng – 2 tuổi: AVOID topical; diffusion rất nhạt (1 drop/phòng lớn)
- x Trẻ 2–10: ≤0.5% topical; diffusion 1–2 drops
- x Trẻ 10+: Standard adult dilutions acceptable
- x *Drug Interactions (Tương tác thuốc):**
- x **Anticoagulants:** Geraniol mild antiplatelet activity; not clinically significant at aromatherapy dilutions but note at high-dose
- x **Hormonal medications (HRT, oral contraceptives):** Mild phytoestrogen-adjacent activity theoretical; not contraindicated at standard aromatherapy use
- x *Contraindications (Chống chỉ định):**
- x Known allergy to citronellol, geraniol, or other EU 26 allergens present — patch test prior to use
- x Avoid undiluted topical application
- x Very sensitive/atopic skin — use at ≤0.5% with patch test
- x Do NOT use in pregnancy at >3% concentration or abdominal massage in T1
- x *Quality markers (Kiểm tra chất lượng):**
- x **Adulteration risks (HIGH for Chinese grade specifically):**
- x **Synthetic citronellol/geraniol blending** — detectable by isotope ratio GC/MS (IRMS); flat aroma lacking sesquiterpene depth
- x **"Bourbon-labelled" Chinese origin** — GC/MS will reveal lower citronellol (<26%) and rose oxide (<1%) vs true Bourbon
- x **Dilution with fractionated coconut or DPG** — detected by refractive index and flash point testing
- x **Chinese geranium sold as Egyptian or Bourbon** — geographic mislabelling very common; GC/MS isomenthone ratio distinguishes
Genuine Chinese (Yunnan): Pale yellow to olive-yellow; mobile liquid; rosy-green-herbal character; noticeably more herbal/minty than Bourbon/Egyptian; GC/MS MUST show: citronellol 18–26%, geraniol 10–20%, isomenthone 5–10%, linalool 4–10%, geranyl formate 4–7%; rose oxide <1% Adulteration risks (HIGH for Chinese grade specifically): - Palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) — most common adulterant; detectable by: geraniol >25% dominant WITHOUT corresponding citronellol (geraniol:citronellol ratio i
Bảo quản
Lọ thủy tinh màu hổ phách hoặc aluminium; <25°C; tránh ánh nắng trực tiếp; shelf life 2–3 năm kín; 12–18 tháng đã mở; geraniol và citronellol ổn định tương đối tốt; tuy nhiên isomenthone có thể oxy hóa dần làm thay đổi hương; refrigerate nếu ở vùng nhiệt đới (như VN) để kéo dài shelf life