- Allium sativum L., Liliaceae (Amaryllidaceae sensu APG) — steam distillate from bulbs. Second organosulfur-dominant oil in B216 (after [[asafoetida]] EO702). Nearly 100% sulfur-compound profile: diallyl trisulfide 18.0–48.8% + diallyl disulfide 25.2–46.8% + methyl allyl trisulfide 8.3–18.2% + 12+ other sulfur compounds per Yu 1989 / Lawson 1991 / Rao 1999.
- Hazards (T&Y verbatim p.597): "Moderately toxic; inhibits blood clotting; skin irritation (moderate risk); skin sensitization (moderate risk)." Contraindications (oral): Anticoagulant medication, major surgery, peptic ulcer, hemophilia, other bleeding disorders (Box 7.1). Cautions (dermal): Hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin, children under 2 years of age.
- Max dermal — 0.1% initial application (T&Y p.598 Comments practical recommendation). "Safe levels for application of garlic oil to the skin are not known, but there is a potential for allergic reaction, and some irritancy is strongly suspected. A maximum concentration of 0.1% is recommended for initial application." Oral contraindicated for patients on anticoagulant medication / major surgery / peptic ulcer / hemophilia / bleeding disorders. Non-phototoxic but PHOTOALLERGIC contact dermatitis reported (Scheman & Gupta 2001, Alvarez 2003 — distinct from phototoxicity class).
- ORGANOSULFUR CLASS PEER RAIL (CRITICAL): Second organosulfur-dominant oil in B216 after [[asafoetida]] EO702 (disulfides 40–65%). Chemistry drastically different from typical terpene-dominant EOs — all key constituents are sulfur compounds (diallyl/methyl allyl di/tri/tetra/pentasulfides). "Sulfur-rich oils such as garlic are not used in fragrances, hence the lack of RIFM data; they are more commonly administered internally than externally in aromatherapy" (T&Y p.598). Other Allium oils rich in sulfur compounds (onion, leek, chive, shallot) present similar issues.
- Key rails: ANTICOAGULANT DRUG INTERACTION RAIL (T&Y Table 4.10B — diallyl trisulfide + methyl allyl trisulfide inhibit platelet aggregation via thromboxane pathway → antiplatelet + anticoagulant + antithrombotic synergy); MAJOR-SURGERY 7–14 DAY PREOPERATIVE DISCONTINUATION RAIL (clinical anesthesiology standard for garlic supplementation); CULINARY-VS-EO DISAMBIGUATION RAIL (fresh garlic clove ~0.1–0.3% EO by weight; fresh clove culinary exposure + cooking denatures + disperses vs concentrated EO ~100% organosulfur — orders-of-magnitude different exposure classes; culinary safe / EO restricted); GAIL 1998 + YOU 2001 CHINA TRIAL RAIL (n=3,411 volunteers aged garlic extract 400mg + garlic oil 2mg BID × 39 months no treatment-related toxicity — but this is GARLIC POWDER dose NOT EO-equivalent, do NOT extrapolate to higher EO dermal/oral doses); PHOTOALLERGIC-NOT-PHOTOTOXIC RAIL (Scheman 2001 + Alvarez 2003 document photoallergic CD to diallyl disulfide — distinct from furocoumarin-mediated phototoxicity class; not sun-exposure-banned in the standard phototoxic-oil sense); ADULTERATION-VIGILANCE RAIL (synthetic propenyl disulfides per Burfield 2003 — verify sulfur speciation via GC-MS).
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Allium sativum L.
- Họ thực vật
- Liliaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Bulbs
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
5/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Sulfurous-pungent-allium (not used in conventional perfumery per T&Y p.598)
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Intensely pungent raw garlic, sharp sulfurous bite, acrid underground warmth, searing and penetrating, tenacious and uncompromising
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Tỏi sống nồng nặc ngột ngạt, cắt lưỡi vị lưu huỳnh sắc bén, hừng hực ấm cay hun đất, xuyên thấu và thiêu đốt, dai dẳng không buông tha
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
5/5
Da khô
1/5
Da dầu/mụn
2/5
Da lão hóa
1/5
Da thường
2/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
1/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu Tỏi (Garlic)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Antiplatelet / antithrombotic
Organosulfur constituents — principally MATS (active at 10 µmol/L in human PRP) and DADS — directly inhibit platelet aggregation; structure–activity relationships confirmed across multiple sulfur compound variants.
Ref: Boullin DJ (1981) Lancet; Bordia A et al (1978, 1998); Co-operative Group EO Garlic (1986); Barrie SA et al (1987) J Orthomol Med; Fenwick & Hanley (1985); Lawson LD et al (1992)
Antihypertensive (oral supplement context)
Oral garlic oil (18 mg/day) reduced systolic blood pressure in human subjects, attributed to organosulfur-mediated vasodilation and platelet aggregation inhibition.
Ref: Barrie SA et al (1987) J Orthomol Med — oral supplement study; no equivalent topical EO data
Chemopreventive (in vitro / animal models)
Organosulfur compounds inhibit skin tumor promotion, induce glutathione peroxidase in epidermal cells, and suppress HL-60 leukemia cell proliferation; large epidemiological association with reduced gastric cancer.
Ref: Belman S (1983) Carcinogenesis; Perchellet JP et al (1986); Sadhana AS et al (1988); Seki T et al (2000); Sundaram & Milner (1993) Cancer Lett; Gail MH & You WC (1998–2001) J Natl Cancer Inst
Antioxidant
Garlic oil organosulfurs upregulate intracellular glutathione, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase activity, protecting against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in RBCs and epidermal cells.
Ref: Helen A et al (1999); Wu CC et al (2001, 2002); Chan MM et al (2002); Perchellet JP et al (1986)
Hepatoprotective
Garlic oil constituents attenuated acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in animal models, likely via antioxidant upregulation and modulation of CYP450-mediated bioactivation pathways.
Ref: Kalantari H, Salehi M (2001)
AI-summary
The strongest clinical evidence pertains to oral administration: Barrie SA et al (1987, J Orthomol Med) found garlic oil 18 mg/day produced hypotensive and antiplatelet effects in humans. The Co-operative Group for Essential Oil of Garlic (1986) demonstrated significant antiplatelet activity at 120 mg/day in cardiovascular patients over 30 days. Gail MH et al (1998) and You WC et al (2001, J Natl Cancer Inst) reported reduced gastric cancer incidence in a Shandong population trial (n=3,411) with garlic consumption. All cited studies involve oral supplementation, not aromatherapy routes. No RCT-grade evidence for topical or inhalation EO use was identified in §13 citations. Topical evidence is dominated by adverse events: ACD (Delaney 1996; Jappe 1999), burn injury in children (Garty 1993 Pediatrics; Parish 1987), and systemic contact dermatitis from DADS (Fernandez-Vozmediano 2000; Pereira 2002).
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Grounding
protectionvitalitycourageresiliencegroundingpurification
Chakra
root
Ngũ hành
kim
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Topical spot application | 0.1% in carrier oil (≈1 drop per 50 ml carrier) | Patch test mandatory. Apply to small target area only; avoid face, mucous membranes, broken skin. Not for children. Remove immediately if burning or erythema occurs. |
| Diffusion | 1–2 drops in 200 ml water | Large, well-ventilated room only. Limit to 20–30 min sessions. Strong sulfurous odour; not suited for enclosed spaces. Keep away from pets and children under 12. |
| Steam inhalation | 1 drop in bowl of steaming water (≥1 L) | Brief 2–5 min inhalation only. Do not bring face close to steam. Contraindicated for asthma and respiratory hypersensitivity. Mucous membrane irritation possible. |
| Warm compress | 0.1% dilution (2–3 drops per 1 L warm water) | Apply to targeted area 5–10 min maximum. Avoid for sensitive, inflamed, or compromised skin. Not for facial use. Monitor closely for irritation. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaOdourless, extremely stable wax ester that does not compete with garlic's intense sulfurous scent and is ideal for the ultra-low 0.1% maximum dermal dilution.
Fractionated coconut oilFully odourless, lightweight, non-comedogenic; ideal for ultra-low dilution blends where a neutral, stable base is essential.
Sweet almond oilMild, skin-conditioning baseline carrier commonly used in professional aromatherapy for diluting high-potency irritant EOs to the 0.1% therapeutic range.
Kết hợp tốt với
SpicyHerbaceousGreen
Blend kinh điển
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—
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.597–598 (Garlic) + Box 7.1 (oral contraindications) + Table 4.10B (anticoagulant drug interactions)
[Yu TH, Wu CM, Liou YC] GC-MS composition Chinese chemotype
[Lawson LD et al] garlic oil constituent analysis
[Rao PGP et al] GC-MS composition Indian chemotype
[Burfield T] adulteration of garlic oil with synthetic propenyl disulfides
[Delaney TA, Donnelly AM] ACD to garlic
[Jappe U et al] garlic ACD case series
[Parish RA et al] fresh garlic paste irritant dermatitis in children
[Garty BZ] garlic burns children
[Mayerhofer E] garlic oil in children
[Fernandez-Vozmediano JM et al] DADS systemic contact dermatitis
[Pereira F et al] DADS systemic contact dermatitis
[Papageorgiou C et al] propyl allyl disulfide + non-EO allergens
[Scheman A, Gupta S] photoallergic CD to DADS
[Alvarez MS et al] photoallergic CD to DADS second case
[Barrie SA et al] garlic oil 18 mg/day hypotensive + antiplatelet
[Bordia A et al] garlic oil platelet aggregation inhibition in-vitro + in-vivo
[Co-operative Group for Essential Oil of Garlic] cardiovascular patients 120 mg/day 30 days antiplatelet
[Boullin DJ] MATS 10 µmol/L active in human PRP
[Fenwick GR, Hanley AB] sulfur compound structure–activity antiplatelet
[Belman S] mouse LD100 10 mg; skin tumor promotion inhibition
[Zelikoff JT, Belman S] skin tumor promotion in vivo
[Sadhana AS et al] B[a]P skin carcinogenesis inhibition
[Rai G, Ahujarai S] cervical cancer mouse model
[Perchellet JP et al] glutathione peroxidase in epidermal cells
[Helen A et al] nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation protection
[Wu CC et al] rat RBC glutathione + GST + PROD induction
[Ishidate M Jr et al] CHL cell genotoxicity negative
[Kaur S, Singh SP] stavudine genotoxicity protection
[Seki T et al] HL-60 leukemia cell proliferation inhibition
[Sundaram SG, Milner JA] canine mammary tumor + glutathione
[Chan MM et al] erythrocyte glucose-oxidation protection
[Gail MH et al] Shandong China n=3,411 garlic trial
[Kalantari H, Salehi M] hepatoprotective vs acetaminophen
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