- Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. — synonym Anthemis nobilis L. (cùng cây, tên cũ); Asteraceae, aerial parts of flowering plant, steam distilled. KHÔNG phải Chamomile German/Blue — khác chi (Chamaemelum vs Matricaria) và khác chemistry class hoàn toàn (esters vs sesquiterpenes/azulenes).
- Hazards: None known. Contraindications: None known (all routes). — T&Y p.522–523, Safety summary. Archetypal low-risk oil cùng nhóm với Lavender True.
- Chemistry dominated by angelate + butyrate esters (Chialva 1982, Srinivas 1986, Zani 1991, Lawrence 1998f): isobutyl angelate 0–37.4% + butyl angelate 0–34.9% + 3-methylpentyl angelate 0–22.7% + isobutyl butyrate 0–20.5% + isoamyl angelate 8.4–17.9%. Wide composition variation batch-to-batch.
- Max dermal: No limit T&Y (SYMELab 5% platform cap per convention). Non-phototoxic (Meneghini 1971 + Opdyke 1974 p.853). LD₅₀ rat oral > 5 g/kg + rabbit dermal > 5 g/kg non-toxic.
- JECFA 2003 "no safety concern" verdict cho isobutyl angelate (food flavoring intake); GRAS. Lành nhất trong nhóm chamomile cho pregnancy + pediatric — framework defaults apply without special caps.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.
- Họ thực vật
- Asteraceae (Compositae)
- Bộ phận dùng
- Flower heads — "double" cultivar flower heads (mostly ray florets); harvested at full bloom June–Aug
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation; traditional copper or stainless steel stills; short distillation time (1.5–2.5 h
- Màu sắc
- Pale blue to pale blue-green (fresh distillate, trace chamazulene); fades to pale yellow or colourless on storage; water-white to pale golden in older batches; **significantly less blue than German chamomile** (which is intensely navy-blue)
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- Middle note (fading into Base note depth); **the most "complex," "fruity-apple-herbal" and "surprisingly intense" EO in this database relative to its delicate reputation**; opening: fresh apple-fruity, sweet-herbaceous; heart: warm chamomile-herbal, honey-sweet, straw-like; dry-down: warm woody-balsamic; **CRITICAL NOTE: Roman chamomile EO smells very different from Roman chamomile TEA — the tea (chamomile herb infusion) is gentle, floral-sweet; the EO is intensely fruity-herbal-apple-medicinal**; this catches first-time users off-guard; dilution critical for pleasant results
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- Single species — no formally named CT; however, two key commercial types:
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
**England ★★★★☆** (traditional origin — "Mitcham" style; Surrey/Kent/Essex); **Belgium ★★★★★** (largest modern European producer; highly standardised cultivation); **France ★★★★☆** (Anjou region; premium quality); **Morocco ★★★★☆** (significant volumecost-competitive); Hungary ★★★☆☆; Egypt ★★★☆☆; Argentina ★★★☆☆
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐★★★☆ — imported; RAREST and MOST EXPENSIVE single-herb EO in this entire database relative to other common oils; 200,000–800,000 VND/5–10ml for authentic Roman chamomile EO (5ml often the most common sold unit due to price); German chamomile often sold as "chamomile" at much lower price — critical to distinguish; significant quality variation; authentic Roman chamomile is one of the most frequently adulterated single-ingredient EOs due to high price; VN specialist aromatherapy importers carry stock; request GC/MS
Phân loại nốt
Middle note (with Top note fre
Cường độ
Đang cập nhật
Độ bền trên da
3–6 hours (esters tend to be more volatile than terpenols); 6–12 hours on fabric; good fixation at base note level from pinocarveol + caryophyllene minor components
Họ hương
[Primary: Herbal-Apple-Fruity] [Secondary: Sweet-Floral-Medicinal / Warm-Straw-Honey]
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Fresh apple-fruity, sweet-herbaceous, warm straw-honey, slightly medicinal-chamomile, complex and surprisingly intense; entirely different from German chamomile (which is deeply blue-medicinal-azulenic) and from chamomile tea aroma
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Táo tươi ngọt-thảo dược – ấm rơm mật ong – thảo dược cúc La Mã – hơi dược thảo – phức tạp và mạnh hơn bạn nghĩ; KHÁC HOÀN TOÀN với hương cúc La Mã trong trà herbal — EO đậm và sắc hơn nhiều
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
3–6 hours (esters tend to be more volatile than terpenols); 6–12 hours on fabric; good fixation at base note level from pinocarveol + caryophyllene minor components
Da khô
5/5
Xuất sắc — anti-inflammatory + soothing; high ester content skin-conditioning; 0.5–1% trong calendula macerate or rosehip; warm straw-sweet aroma pleasant in rich face balm
Da dầu/mụn
4/5
Tốt — antimicrobial (isobutyl angelate vs S. aureus); anti-inflammatory; 0.5–1% trong jojoba; helps reduce inflammation around breakouts; not primarily astringent like geranium but very gentle anti-bacterial + calming
Da lão hóa
4/5
Tốt — anti-inflammatory + antioxidant + skin conditioning; 0.5–1% trong rosehip + marula; not as strongly anti-aging as geranium Bourbon but excellent "calming-anti-inflammatory" dimension for mature sensitive skin
Da hỗn hợp
4/5
Tốt — calming T-zone redness + oiliness while conditioning dry zones; 0.5–1% trong jojoba; appropriate for most combination skin formulations
Nhập khẩu**Imported Ultra-Premium Specialty ★★★★★** — không có di sản VN; **"the gentlest luxury"** trong VN aromatherapy; rất được kính trọng; limited supply + high adulteration = cần thận trọng cao khi mua
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu cúc La Mã — tên phổ biến nhất (phân biệt "cúc La Mã" với "cúc Đức")
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
KHÔNG có YHCT truyền thống VN với Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis - Hoa cúc VN trong YHCT là Chrysanthemum morifolium (cúc trắng/cúc hoa vàng): trị sốt, viêm mắt, hạ huyết áp, giải độc — hoàn toàn khác cúc La Mã về hóa học và tác dụng - Trong cộng đồng aromatherapy VN hiện đại: - Roman chamomile = "tinh dầu VIP cho trẻ em" — không. 1 cho sleep + anxiety của bé - Spa cao cấp HN/HCM (trẻ em): dùng Roman chamomile cho baby massage + bath bomb sản phẩm - DIY formulators VN cao cấp: dùng trong
Mua hàng tại VN
Giá: 200,000–800,000 VND / 5ml (phổ biến nhất là 5ml vì giá); đắt thứ 2–3 trong database (sau rose absolute và nhất là neroli) - Nguồn: Tisserand Aromatherapy (UK) distributors VN; Eden Botanicals USA distributors; Plant Therapy; specialist EU organic importers - CẢNH BÁO QUAN TRỌNG: Roman chamomile là EO bị làm giả + mislabel nhiều nhất trong segment herbal EOs tại VN: 1. German chamomile (rẻ hơn) bán là "Roman chamomile" — detect bằng màu (deep blue = German, pale blue = Roman) VÀ GC/MS (chama
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Anxiolytic / Sedative
BEST EVIDENCE IN DATABASE FOR ANXIETY AND SLEEP (aromatherapy inhalation route): PMID 31006899 meta-analysis (12 RCTs) — chamomile significant improvement in GAD (HAM-A scale MD = -1.43 P=0.007 at 2 weeks; MD = -1.79 P=0.0097 at 4 weeks); sleep quality significantly improved (SMD = -0.73, 95% CI [-1.23, -0.23], P<0.005); PMC10763144 2024 RCT — aromatherapy chamomile EO in ACS hospitalized patients: anxiety ↓ (intervention: -5.2±1.9 vs placebo -1±1.18 P<0.001); PMC11109927 2024 systematic review confirms chamomile anxiolytic effect; darwin-nutrition.fr: 56 coronary patients stent placement — chamomile + lavender + neroli blend aromatherapy → anxiety ↓ + sleep quality ↑; isobutyl angelate (25–40%) antispasmodic + ester-class sedative mechanism + possible apigenin HPA axis modulation.
Ref: PMID 31006899; PMC11109927; PMC10763144
Anti-inflammatory (topical)
PMC12269088 2025 meta-analysis (RCTs) — chamomile significant reduction in pain and mucosal inflammation (statistically significant p<0.05); effective in wound healing + epithelialization (Glowania double-blind 14 patients: chamomile faster wound healing than corticosteroids); chamomile extract more effective than corticosteroids in complete wound healing speed (Martins et al. 2009); chamazulene (trace) + caryophyllene + alpha-pinene + isobutyl angelate anti-inflammatory synergy; PMC10785696 2024 (MCEO — German chamomile but mechanism applicable) PI3K/Akt/mTOR + p38MAPK pathway inhibition.
Ref: PMC12269088; PMC9822300
Antispasmodic / Smooth muscle relaxant
Isobutyl angelate (25–40%) + entire angelate/tiglate ester complex = powerful antispasmodic; mechanism: esters hydrolyse to aliphatic alcohols + organic acids → smooth muscle Ca²⁺ channel inhibition; IBS, dysmenorrhoea, digestive cramping, muscle tension; supported by PMC9611340 2022 comprehensive review.
Ref: PMC9611340
Sedative / Sleep promotion
PMID 31006899 meta-analysis: significant sleep quality improvement; darwin-nutrition.fr: coronary patients — chamomile blend → better sleep quality; ester-dominant profile contributes to parasympathetic activation; traditionally "the premier children's calming EO" (with appropriate dilution).
Ref: PMID 31006899; PMC11109927
Antimicrobial
Isobutyl angelate active vs S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae; moderate vs C. albicans; Salmonella + E. coli inhibition (darwin-nutrition.fr, 2024); PMC9611340 confirms antimicrobial; weaker than more monoterpene-rich oils (tea tree, oregano).
Ref: PMC9611340; darwin-nutrition.fr 2024
Skin wound healing
Chamomile extract double-blind: wound healing (5.3 days chamomile vs 6.3 days antibiotic); epithelialization promotion; topical chamomile oil eczema relief (PMC9611340); anti-inflammatory + antimicrobial + tissue-regenerative combination; herbapolonica.pl review confirms skin benefits.
Ref: PMC12269088; PMC9611340; PMC9822300
Analgesic
PMC12269088 meta-analysis: significant pain reduction vs control; caryophyllene CB2 agonist mechanism; myrcene analgesic.
Ref: PMC12269088
Asthma / Respiratory antispasmodic
Darwin-nutrition.fr: 54 chronic asthmatic patients — chamomile inhalation 100mg/kg 21 days → airway relaxation + improved respiratory function; antispasmodic mechanism on bronchial smooth muscle.
Ref: darwin-nutrition.fr 2024
PMID 31006899 / Wiley PTR 2019 — meta-analysis
12 RCTs chamomile; GAD HAM-A: MD -1.43 (P=0.007) at 2wk, -1.79 (P=0.0097) at 4wk; Sleep quality SMD -0.73 (P<0.005); efficacious + safe
Systematic review + meta-analysis — HIGHPMC11109927 (2024) systematic review
Oral chamomile anxiolytic confirmed; HPA axis + neurotransmitter pathway; safe
Systematic review — HighPMC10763144 (2024 RCT)
Chamomile EO aromatherapy ACS patients: anxiety ↓ (-5.2±1.9 intervention vs -1±1.18 placebo, P<0.001)
Grade B RCT — HighPMC12269088 (2025 meta-analysis)
Chamomile RCTs: significant pain reduction + mucosal inflammation ↓ + wound healing ↑; faster epithelialization vs corticosteroids
Meta-analysis RCTs — HighGlowania 1987 double-blind (n=14)
Chamomile extract: wound healing 5.3 days vs antibiotic 6.3 days; epithelialization ↑
Grade B DB — Moderate (old but landmark)darwin-nutrition.fr (2024)
56 coronary pre-stent patients: chamomile+lavender+neroli blend → anxiety ↓ + sleep ↑; 54 asthmatic patients chamomile inhalation → airway relaxation + respiratory function ↑
Clinical evidence — ModeratePMC9822300 (2022 review)
Chamomile traditional uses + chemical constituents + pharmacological properties; anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, antimicrobial confirmed
Comprehensive review — HighPMC9611340 (2022)
Therapeutic applications: anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant — multi-mechanism confirmed
Comprehensive study — HighCIR Safety 2013
Anthemis nobilis EO no dermal irritation or sensitisation in human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT); safe at normal cosmetic concentrations
Safety study — HighTâm trạng: Deeply Calming + Sedative + Emotionally Soothing + Inner-Child Healing — Roman chamomile is the premier "nervous system reset" oil in this database; distinguished from lavender (which calms AND uplifts): Roman chamomile moves toward deep stillness, release of resistance, surrendering tension; particularly indicated when the nervous system is "stuck" in hyperarousal (anxiety, insomnia, overthinking, somatic tension); the ester-dominant chemistry (55–75% esters) is the most antispasmodic, most sedative chemical class in aromatherapy — and Roman chamomile has THE highest ester % of any widely-used therapeutic EO; "the child's oil" — gentleness of mechanism combined with potency of effect makes it uniquely suited to all ages when properly diluted
Inner child healingreleasing resistancedeep nervous system calmsoothing anxiety spiralsgentleness with selfemotional safetyreleasing held tension from bodyacceptance
Chakra
Solar Plexus ★★★★★ (Manipura
Ngũ hành
Earth
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 1–3 drops / 100ml | REDUCE dose — Roman chamomile is STRONG; 1 drop + 3 drops lavender = anxiety/sleep blend; 30–45 min; children's room: 1 drop max |
| Topical massage (massage) | 0.5–2% dilution | 3–12 drops per 30ml; adults: 2%; children 3–10yr: 0.5–1%; never undiluted; sweet almond or jojoba; PMS abdominal 1.5% + clary sage |
| Bath (tắm) | 3–5 drops in carrier | Pre-dilute in full fat milk or jojoba; 3 drops = adult; 1–2 drops in baby bath (>6 months, diluted); wind-down evening bath |
| Inhalation (hít) | 1 drop tissue / inhaler | Acutely calming; anxiety attack first-aid; 1 drop = sufficient; 5–10 min; lavender + chamomile inhaler = clinical anxiety protocol |
| Skincare | 0.5–1% in face product | 3–6 drops per 30ml; sensitive/reactive skin; eczema relief serum; wound healing cream; 1% maximum leave-on sensitive skin |
| Children / Infant | 0.1–0.5% | 0.1% for <2yr (IFRA guideline; after medical clearance); 0.3–0.5% age 2–10yr; diffusion preferred over topical for infants |
| Compress | 2–3 drops in 500ml warm water | Abdominal compress for IBS cramps; facial compress for skin soothing |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Sweet AlmondClassic gentle carrier; anti-inflammatory + emollient; appropriate for sensitive and children's skin; widely available; neutral aroma doesn't compete with chamomile
Hemp SeedOmega-6 GLA + linoleic; specific skin barrier repair for eczema + atopic dermatitis; Roman chamomile's anti-inflammatory + hemp seed's barrier repair = best combination for AD
Coconut fractionated (MCT)Lightweight; stable; suitable for children's products; neutral; good diffuser dilution medium
Kết hợp tốt với
Floral (softens and adds complexity)Citrus (bergamotneroli — excellent)Herb (lavenderclary sage)Wood (cedarwoodsandalwood)Resin (frankincense) — **Roman chamomile is a "high-value modifier"** in perfumery — used in small amounts (0.5–2%) to add apple-fruity complexity to floral and herbal accords; its intensity means it's rarely used as a primary note
Blend kinh điển
Lavender + Roman Chamomile— THE "calm and sleep" duo; lavender's clean-herbal + chamomile's apple-sedative = synergistic CNS relaxation; most evidence-supported aromatherapy pairing for anxiety + insomnia; 3–4 drops lavender + 1
Bergamot FCF + Roman Chamomile + Lavender— "citrus-calm" triad; anxiety + stress; bright citrus + apple-herbal + lavender = balanced, soothing, accessible; excellent for daytime anxiety without drowsiness
Neroli + Roman Chamomile— white-floral-apple; heart-opening + deeply calming; emotional first aid blend; grief + anxiety; very expensive pairing — premium formulation
Clary Sage + Roman Chamomile— antispasmodic synergy; PMS + dysmenorrhoea + menopausal tension; NON-PREGNANT; gentle hormonal support
Sandalwood + Roman Chamomile + Lavender— "deep sleep" blend; woody-calm-sedative; best for severe insomnia; base note anchors lighter components
[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. Essential Oil Safety, 2nd ed. 2014. Chamomile Roman pp. 218–220; Pregnancy: AVOID T1
[Safety assessment] CIR Safety Assessment Anthemis nobilis-Derived Ingredients (2013) — no dermal irritation/sensitisation in HRIPT; GRAS status
[EMA assessment] EMA Final Assessment Report Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All., flos, 2016 — isobutyl angelate 25.85–36.0%; 2-methylbutyl angelate 13.0–20.3%; isoamyl tiglate 11.7–19.9%; isoamyl isobutyrate 10.9–23.7%; isobutyl isobutyrate 3.7–5.3%
[GC/MS novel 2026] PMC12843988 (2026) — Unlocking Secrets Roman Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis): 70+ compounds; 12 new esters identified including 4-methylpentyl angelate, 5-methylhexyl angelate
[GC/MS comparison] acgpubs.org 2023 — German/Roman/Chinese chamomile EOs comparison
[GC/MS COA Italy] Panarom Hungary GC/MS COA 0024824 — isobutyl angelate + isoamyl methacrylate 33.27%, isoamyl angelate 16.84%, methylallyl angelate 8.33%, trans-pinocarveol 5.94%
[GC/MS COA Shay & Co] Shay & Co Lot 13171 — isoamyl isobutyrate, methallyl angelate 9.59%, isobutyl angelate 9.12%
[Anxiety meta-analysis] PMID 31006899 / Wiley PTR 2019 — 12 RCTs; GAD HAM-A MD -1.43 (P=0.007); sleep SMD -0.73 (P<0.005); safety confirmed
[Anxiety systematic review] PMC11109927 (2024) — Oral chamomile anxiolytic; HPA axis + neurotransmitter modulation
[Anxiety RCT inhalation] PMC10763144 (2024) — Chamomile EO aromatherapy ACS patients; anxiety ↓ P<0.001
[Anti-inflammatory meta] PMC12269088 (2025) — Chamomile RCTs: pain ↓, wound healing ↑, epithelialization > corticosteroids
[Wound healing DB] Glowania et al. 1987 — Double-blind chamomile wound healing 5.3 vs 6.3 days antibiotic
[Comprehensive review] PMC9822300 (2022) — Chamomile review: botanical, chemical, pharmacological
[Therapeutic study] PMC9611340 (2022) — Comprehensive therapeutic applications chamomile
[Pregnancy safety] PMC7956842 (2021) — Maternal reproductive toxicity essential oils: antispasmodic esters
[Asthma/respiratory] darwin-nutrition.fr (2024) — 54 asthmatic patients; inhalation airway relaxation
[Children aromatherapy] pestik.cz (2025) — Roman chamomile children sleep aromatherapy
[VN Heritage] No VN heritage data available — imported specialty
[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS HIGH (EMA + CIR + multiple COAs + 2026 novel study); Safety HIGH (Tisserand + CIR + EMA); Clinical HIGH (Systematic review/meta-analysis 12 RCTs + 2025 meta-analysis + 2024 RCT); Traditional use HIGH (extensive European documented history); VN context MODERATE (market data 2024–2026)
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
2%
Giới hạn IFRA
Roman chamomile oil (Anthemis nobilis flower oil) is not individually IFRA-restricted as of IFRA 51; no specific maximum in perfume bases; standard good practice dilutions apply; component angelate esters not individually restricted
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Avoid
Tam cá nguyệt 2Essential
Tam cá nguyệt 3Essential
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
- x *Dermal limits:**
- x **No phototoxicity** — Roman chamomile EO is NOT phototoxic (unlike many citrus EOs); no bergapten or furocoumarins; safe for daytime topical use
- x *Pregnancy & Breastfeeding (Thai kỳ):**
- x T1: **AVOID** — antispasmodic esters + epidemiological miscarriage concern; uterotonic potential at therapeutic doses
- x T2: **AVOID / Extreme Caution** — same rationale; brief aromatherapy inhalation (1 drop tissue, <10 min) only if medically supervised
- x T3: **Caution** — same; avoid topical abdominal; diffusion (1 drop, brief, ventilated room) may be acceptable in T3 under guidance
- x Breastfeeding: **Caution** — limited data; avoid topical on breast; diffusion probably safe at 1 drop
- x *Age Restrictions:**
- x <3 tháng: AVOID ALL topical; diffusion maximum 1 drop very large ventilated space
- x 3 tháng – 6 tháng: Diffusion only (1 drop); avoid topical
- x 6 tháng – 2 tuổi: Topical maximum 0.1–0.2% (2 drops/30ml carrier); diffusion 1 drop/large room
- x 2–6 tuổi: 0.3–0.5% topical; 1–2 drops diffusion; **Roman chamomile is considered one of safest EOs for children 2+ with proper dilution**
- x 6–12 tuổi: 0.5–1% topical; standard children's dosing
- x 12+: Standard adult with patch test
- x *Drug Interactions:**
- x **CYP450 enzymes:** In vitro chamomile extract inhibition of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4; theoretical drug metabolism interaction at oral doses; aromatherapy topical/inhalation: not clinically significant
- x **Antiepileptics:** Caryophyllene CB2 activity — theoretical; no documented clinical interaction at aromatherapy doses
- x *Contraindications:**
- x Known Compositae/Asteraceae allergy (ragweed, chrysanthemum, feverfew, arnica) — ABSOLUTE for topical; patch test before first use
- x Pregnancy T1 (AVOID) — uterotonic ester concern
- x Known allergy to chamomile herb/tea
- x Pre-surgical sedation protocol (may potentiate CNS depression)
- x *Quality markers (Kiểm tra chất lượng):**
- x **Genuine Roman Chamomile GC/MS authentication:**
- x **Isobutyl angelate ≥25%** ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER
- x **Total esters ≥55%** ✓
- x **Chamazulene ≤1%** ✓ (>5% = German chamomile contamination/mislabelling)
- x 2-Methylbutyl angelate 12–22% ✓
- x Isoamyl isobutyrate 8–16% ✓
- x Isoamyl tiglate 8–20% ✓
- x **COLOUR:** Pale blue → pale yellow = authentic (NOT deep navy blue = German chamomile)
- x **Adulteration risks — VERY HIGH (most expensive common herbal EO):**
- x German chamomile mixed in — detectable by chamazulene >5% and blue-dominant colour; completely different therapeutic profile
- x Other Anthemis/Chamomile species (A. arvensis, A. cotula) — inferior ester profile; lower isobutyl angelate
- x Synthetic ester dilution — isobutyl angelate + isoamyl tiglate commercially available; IRMS detection required; proportional anomalies in minor esters betray adulteration
- x Palmarosa or other cheap EOs added to bulk — GC-MS shows geraniol/citronellol peaks
- x Dilution in odourless mineral oil or fractionated coconut — visual/physical test; GC-MS confirms
Genuine Roman Chamomile GC/MS authentication: - Isobutyl angelate ≥25% ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER - Total esters ≥55% ✓ - Chamazulene ≤1% ✓ (>5% = German chamomile contamination/mislabelling) - 2-Methylbutyl angelate 12–22% ✓ - Isoamyl isobutyrate 8–16% ✓ - Isoamyl tiglate 8–20% ✓ - COLOUR: Pale blue → pale yellow = authentic (NOT deep navy blue = German chamomile) Adulteration risks — VERY HIGH (most expensive common herbal EO): - German chamomile mixed in — detectable by chamazulene >5% and blue-domin
Bảo quản
Thủy tinh hổ phách; <15°C ideal (refrigerate tại VN — REQUIRED for preservation of angelate esters in humid/hot climate); tránh ánh sáng + nhiệt độ cao; ester-dominant EOs hydrolyse faster than alcohol-dominant oils in heat + humidity; shelf life 2–3 năm kín tốt; 12–18 tháng đã mở; VN storage note: