- Agathosma crenulata L. (Rutaceae) — lá (leaves), steam-distilled essential oil. PENNYROYAL-CLASS HAZARD — this is not the safer buchu. Cảnh báo chemotype-split CRITICAL: đây là pulegone CT (~81.9% total pulegone), KHÔNG phải A. betulina diosphenol CT ở [[buchu-diosphenol]] (~9.1% pulegone). Hai species khác nhau + hai safety profile khác nhau hoàn toàn.
- Primary hazard = MAY BE ABORTIFACIENT + HEPATOTOXIC (severe). Contraindicated pregnancy + breastfeeding (all routes) + contraindicated oral use entirely ("should not be taken in oral doses" — T&Y verbatim). Pulegone content qualifies this oil as pennyroyal-class risk (historic abortifacient deaths in humans).
- Chemistry: (1R)-(+)-β-Pulegone 31.6–73.2% (signature + primary hazard) + isomenthone 3.6–27.6% + (+)-limonene 2.1–17.2% + (E)-8-acetylthio-p-menthan-3-one 0.4–10.4% + menthone 1.3–7.0% + (−)-(E)-α-pulegone 1.8–4.8% + 8-hydroxymenthone 0–4.7% + (+)-(Z)-α-pulegone 2.2–3.9%. Total pulegone (α + β) content: ~81.9% max.
- Maximum dermal use level: 1.4%. T&Y derived from 81.9% total pulegone × 1.2% pulegone dermal limit ÷ 81.9% ≈ 1.47%. NO oral dose permitted. Rat acute oral LD50 500 mg/kg (Opdyke 1978) — high toxicity presumed similar to pennyroyal.
- Risk/benefit rail — T&Y verbatim: "since there is no significant benefit from using A. crenulata oil medicinally, on a risk/benefit basis, it is best avoided." This oil appears in commerce primarily as adulterant/substitute of the safer A. betulina due to lower price — substitution is the main clinical exposure risk.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Agathosma crenulata L.
- Họ thực vật
- Rutaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Leaves
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Minty-herbal-cassis-urinous-pennyroyal-like
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Sharp pennyroyal-like mintiness, cold camphoraceous bite, raw green medicinal harshness, faint sulfurous wild-berry undercurrent, austere and room-filling
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
The bạc hà hoang dại cắn buốt lạnh toát, long não sắc bén nồng đậm, thảo dược xanh gắt gao mang vị thuốc cổ, thoáng lưu huỳnh quả dại bí ẩn, khắc khổ lấn ngập không gian
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
1/5
Da dầu/mụn
2/5
Da lão hóa
1/5
Da thường
2/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
2/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu buchu chemotype pulegone
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Urinary antiseptic (traditional)
Pulegone and related monoterpene ketones are attributed with antimicrobial activity against urinary pathogens in traditional herbal medicine; Agathosma spp. leaves have a centuries-long use for urinary tract infections in South African ethnobotany.
Ref: Bradley, P. R. (1992) British Herbal Compendium; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.484–485
Antimicrobial — in vitro, class-extrapolated
β-Pulegone and limonene, principal constituents per Collins et al (1996), show in vitro antibacterial activity consistent with other pulegone-rich oils (pennyroyal) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via membrane disruption.
Ref: class-extrapolation from pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium); Collins, N. F. et al (1996)
Insect repellent
β-Pulegone is a well-documented volatile insect deterrent across Lamiaceae and Rutaceae; its vapor-phase activity disrupts arthropod chemoreception, a property shared with pennyroyal oil at comparable pulegone concentrations.
Ref: class-extrapolation from pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.14 β-Pulegone profile
Carminative
Monoterpene ketones including β-pulegone exhibit smooth-muscle relaxing and antispasmodic activity on gastrointestinal smooth muscle at low doses, consistent with the carminative reputation of the Agathosma genus.
Ref: class-extrapolation from pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.14 β-Pulegone profile
Diuretic (traditional)
Buchu leaves (both chemotypes) have been used as a diuretic in South African traditional medicine and British herbal practice; the volatile oil is thought to contribute to mild renal tubular stimulation that promotes diuresis.
Ref: Bradley, P. R. (1992) British Herbal Compendium; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.484–485
AI-summary
Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence located. Opdyke (1978) established an oral LD50 for pulegone in rats — a toxicological, not therapeutic, finding. The CEFS (Anon 1992b) set a TDI of 0.1 mg/kg/day based on hepatotoxicity data. The European Community Council (1988) limits pulegone in food flavorings to 25 mg/kg. No controlled clinical study in humans for aromatherapeutic indications has been located. All therapeutic actions are traditional or extrapolated from data on pulegone as an isolated constituent or from the safer diosphenol CT of Agathosma betulina.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Balancing
alertnessmental clarityvigourwild vitalityfocusausterity
Chakra
solar
Ngũ hành
kim
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 2–3 drops in 100 ml water; max 20-minute session | Well-ventilated room only; max 20 min. Not for pregnant women, infants, or children. β-Pulegone hepatotoxicity accumulates with heavy or prolonged inhalation. |
| Topical massage | 0.5–1% in carrier oil (absolute ceiling 1.4%) | Small surface area only. Not for pregnancy, breastfeeding, children under 12, or liver conditions. Patch test required; pulegone sensitization risk. |
| Personal inhaler | 1–2 drops on cotton wick | Short-duration use only. Avoid in pregnant women and children. Acute antimicrobial or insect-deterrent use; not for daily routine. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Jojoba oilShelf-stable wax ester; low comedogenic; adds no irritant load — key when EO carries hepatotoxicity risk. Ideal for strict low-concentration blending at 0.5–1%.
Fractionated coconut oilLightweight, odorless, highly stable; enables precise repeatable dilution measurement essential for a toxicity-restricted oil. Does not alter the medicinal character.
Sweet almond oilEmollient and mild; appropriate for localized urinary-support topical blends on lower abdomen. Avoid in nut-allergy cases.
Kết hợp tốt với
HerbaceousCitrusWoodyGreen
Blend kinh điển
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.484–485 (Buchu pulegone CT) + Ch.14 β-Pulegone + (+)-Limonene profiles
[Collins, N. F. et al] chemistry profile (A. crenulata + A. betulina)
[Posthumus, M. A. et al] chemistry profile
[Opdyke, D. L. J.] pulegone rat acute oral LD50 p.867–868
[Anon] CEFS pulegone TDI 0.1 mg/kg
[European Community Council] UK/EC pulegone food flavoring 25 mg/kg limit
[Bradley, P. R.] British Herbal Compendium pregnancy contraindication for buchu leaves
[Burfield, T.] monoterpene sulfide adulteration
An Toàn
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Giới hạn IFRA
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
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