- Agathosma betulina Bergius (Rutaceae) — lá (leaves), steam-distilled essential oil. CHEMOTYPE-SPLIT CRITICAL: Đây là diosphenol CT (9.1% total pulegone, safer); KHÔNG CONFUSE với Agathosma crenulata pulegone CT ở [[buchu-pulegone]] (81.9% total pulegone, abortifacient + severe hepatotoxic). Hai species khác nhau + hai safety profile khác nhau hoàn toàn.
- Primary hazard = hepatotoxicity (low risk); skin sensitization if oxidized. Contraindicated pregnancy + breastfeeding (all routes) do pulegone content + uncertain reproductive toxicity.
- Chemistry: Isomenthone 4.6–29.1% + (+)-limonene 11.6–28.2% + diosphenol 12.0–26.3% (signature namesake) + menthone 2.5–25.0% + ψ-diosphenol 10.3–23.3% + 8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one (cis+trans) 0.7–6.6% + α-pulegone 0.4–4.6% + (1S)-(–)-β-pulegone 0.6–4.5%. Total pulegone content ~9.1% (α + β combined).
- Maximum adult daily oral dose: 384 mg. Maximum dermal use level: 11%. Caps derived from 9.1% total pulegone × 0.5 mg/kg/day oral (CEFS TDI) ÷ 70 kg + 1% pulegone dermal limit ÷ 9.1% = 11%. Substantially higher caps than pulegone CT (384 mg oral vs no-oral-use; 11% dermal vs 1.4% dermal).
- Limonene oxidation caveat: Because of (+)-limonene 11.6–28.2%, storage must be dark + airtight + refrigerated + antioxidant (BHT 0.1%). Oxidized material can cause skin sensitization (IFRA limonene oxidation guidance). Avoid old oils. Adulteration với monoterpene sulfides documented (Burfield 2003).
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Agathosma betulina Bergius
- Họ thực vật
- Rutaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Leaves
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Herbal-minty-cassis-black-currant-medicinal
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Biting cassis-mint sharpness, cool blackcurrant leaf soaked in morning dew, bracingly sulfurous and green-wild, citrus spark lifting through dense herbal shadow, fierce and invigorating
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Sắc bén cassis-bạc hà cắt lạnh, lá lý đen ngậm sương sớm, xanh hoang dại thoảng mùi lưu huỳnh, ánh citrus vút lên từ bóng thảo mộc, mãnh liệt và đánh thức giác quan
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
2/5
Da dầu/mụn
4/5
Da lão hóa
2/5
Da thường
3/5
Da nhạy cảm
2/5
Da hỗn hợp
3/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu buchu chemotype diosphenol
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
urinary antiseptic
Diosphenol constituent exerts bacteriostatic and antiseptic activity in the urogenital tract, supporting traditional use for urinary tract health.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.482–483; Bradley 1992, British Herbal Compendium
antimicrobial (broad-spectrum)
Monoterpene ketone constituents (diosphenol, menthone, isomenthone) and limonene disrupt microbial membrane integrity, providing moderate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
Ref: Collins et al 1996; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.482–483
anti-inflammatory
Limonene and menthone-class monoterpenes modulate pro-inflammatory mediator production; class extrapolation from peppermint and related menthone-dominant oils.
Ref: class-extrapolation from peppermint (menthone class); Collins et al 1996 (constituent identification)
diuretic (mild)
Traditional diuretic action attributed to diosphenol and monoterpene sulfide constituents; primary evidence base is whole-plant herbal preparations, not the isolated EO.
Ref: Bradley 1992, British Herbal Compendium (herbal preparation; EO-specific diuretic data not located)
deodorant / body-odour control
8-Mercapto-p-menthan-3-one sulfide marker provides intense blackcurrant top note; at low dilutions supports functional deodorising in personal care formulations.
Ref: Burfield 2003 (monoterpene sulfide authentic marker); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.482–483
analgesic / counterirritant
Menthone and isomenthone constituents activate TRPM8 cold-receptor channels at the skin surface, producing mild counterirritant analgesia; class extrapolation from menthone-containing mint EOs.
Ref: class-extrapolation from peppermint / cornmint (menthone class, TRPM8 mechanism); Collins et al 1996
AI-summary
Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence located for the EO itself. The strongest documented support derives from the British Herbal Compendium (Bradley 1992), which records Agathosma betulina leaves as a traditional urinary antiseptic and diuretic in South African and European herbalism. Tisserand & Young (2014) Ch.13 pp.482–483 characterises the diosphenol chemotype as the safety-preferred CT over the pulegone CT, with a maximum adult dermal limit of 11.0%. Chemistry profiling by Collins et al (1996) confirms diosphenol and monoterpene ketone dominance. No controlled human trials or systematic reviews specific to this EO chemotype were identified in the available citation pool.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Uplifting
alertnessinvigorationwildnessclaritymental sharpnessrefreshment
Chakra
throat
Ngũ hành
kim
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Topical massage | 1–2% in carrier oil (~3–6 drops per 10 ml) | Apply over lower back or abdomen for urinary/kidney support. Max adult dermal 11% per T&Y; conservative 1–2% blend recommended. Contraindicated in pregnancy (Bradley 1992; T&Y 2014). |
| Diffusion | 3–4 drops in 100 ml water (ultrasonic diffuser) | 20–30 min sessions for antimicrobial air deodorising. Sulfide note is intense neat; blend with lemon or bergamot to moderate the blackcurrant-cat top note. |
| Inhalation (steam) | 1–2 drops in bowl of hot water; inhale 5–10 min | Supports respiratory mucosa. Cover head with towel; keep eyes closed. Avoid during pregnancy. |
| Skincare blend | 0.5–1% in lightweight carrier (jojoba, squalane) | Use at conservative dilution for oily or blemish-prone skin. Not recommended for sensitive or dry skin. Avoid UV exposure 12 h post-application if citrus co-ingredients present (IFRA 2009). |
| Aromatic bath | 4–6 drops pre-dispersed in 1 tsp carrier or full-fat milk | Pre-dilute before adding to bath — never add neat EO to water. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Limit to 15–20 min soak. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaStable wax ester, oxidation-resistant — complements limonene shelf-life sensitivity (IFRA 2009); non-comedogenic, ideal for oily/blemish-prone skin where buchu's antiseptic action is most relevant.
Sweet AlmondLight emollient with neutral scent that does not compete with buchu's distinctive sulfide-blackcurrant note; good spreading for lower-back massage applications.
Fractionated CoconutHighly stable, odourless, pairs with buchu's diosphenol antimicrobial profile without adding competing aromas; long shelf life supports formulation stability.
SqualaneUltra-lightweight, non-greasy and oxidation-resistant; suited to conservative (0.5–1%) facial or body skincare formulations targeting oily or congested skin types.
Kết hợp tốt với
CitrusGreenCamphoraceousSpicy
Blend kinh điển
—
—
—
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.482–483 (Buchu diosphenol CT) + Ch.14 β-Pulegone + (+)-Limonene profiles
[Collins, N. F. et al] chemistry profile (A. betulina + A. crenulata)
[Anon] CEFS pulegone TDI 0.1 mg/kg (pulegone + menthofuran combined)
[IFRA] limonene-rich oil antioxidant + shelf-life guidance
[Bradley, P. R.] British Herbal Compendium pregnancy contraindication for buchu leaves
[Burfield, T.] monoterpene sulfide adulteration documentation
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
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Giới hạn IFRA
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
Giới hạn độ tuổi
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Bảo quản
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