- Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) — lá khô (dried leaves), steam-distilled essential oil. CONTRAINDICATED ABSOLUTELY — internal hoặc external, mọi route, mọi population, mọi liều. Không có ngưỡng an toàn cho aromatherapy.
- Primary hazard = ascaridole (21.3%) + α-thujone (14.3%) + β-thujone (7.2%) double neurotoxic + hepatotoxic load. Convulsions ở rats 70 mg/kg oral; thujone NOAEL 5–10 mg/kg.
- Chemistry: Ascaridole 21.3% + 1,8-cineole 21.1% + α-thujone 14.3% + (Z)-verbenol 9.9% + guaiazulene 8.8% + p-cymene 8.6% + β-thujone 7.2% + sabinyl acetate 2.4%. Sabinyl acetate có abortifacient activity (T&Y).
- Acute oral LD50 rats 130 mg/kg (very low — toxic). T&Y derived theoretical dermal cap (0.37%) but explicitly states "on a risk/benefit basis, there would be no point" — DO NOT USE in any clinical aromatherapy context.
- Wormseed comparison rail (CRITICAL): Ascaridole là many times more toxic to humans than rodents. Human fatal dose for wormseed oil 10–40 mg/kg vs rodent 255–380 mg/kg. Boldo classed as 'very toxic' on this human-extrapolation basis despite "moderate" rodent LD50.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Peumus boldus Molina
- Họ thực vật
- Monimiaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Dried leaves
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Camphoraceous-medicinal-bitter-thujone (similar to wormwood/thuja class)
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Harsh medicinal camphor, bitter wormwood edge, sharp eucalyptus-like bite, penetrating and austere, wild highland herb
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Long não khắc nghiệt y dược, đắng cay như ngải dại, sắc bén tựa bạch đàn, đâm xuyên khắc khổ, thảo mộc hoang núi cao
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
1/5
Da dầu/mụn
1/5
Da lão hóa
1/5
Da thường
1/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
1/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu boldo (Boldo) — KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Antiparasitic (traditional; research only)
Ascaridole (~20–25% of boldo EO), a bicyclic monoterpene endoperoxide, was historically used as an anthelmintic against intestinal nematodes such as Ascaris lumbricoides; the EO's toxicity profile precludes any therapeutic self-application.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.480–481; Miraldi E. et al 1996
Choleretic/hepatostimulant (plant-only, NOT EO)
Boldine alkaloid in the boldo plant exerts choleretic and hepatoprotective activity in phytomedicine; however, boldine is non-volatile and does not distill into the steam-distilled EO — a critical EO-vs-plant distinction that invalidates attribution of these effects to the oil.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.480–481 (EO-vs-plant-constituent distinction)
Convulsant/neurotoxic (hazard; not therapeutic)
Thujone drives CNS toxicity via GABA-A receptor antagonism; ascaridole adds convulsant load through oxidative stress. Opdyke & Letizia (1982) documented convulsive activity in animal models at low doses; Margaria (1963) established thujone NOAEL for convulsions.
Ref: Opdyke & Letizia 1982, RIFM monograph p.643–644; Margaria R. 1963 (thujone NOAEL convulsions)
Antimicrobial — broad spectrum (class, research only)
Ascaridole and co-occurring monoterpene hydrocarbons contribute antimicrobial activity consistent with their chemical class; in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi has been observed for ascaridole-class oils, but boldo EO toxicity renders all application routes contraindicated.
Ref: class-extrapolation from ascaridole-class oils (Chenopodium ambrosioides); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
Antispasmodic — digestive (traditional only)
Traditional Andean use of boldo leaf infusion for gastrointestinal spasm and flatulence; sabinyl acetate and monoterpene esters may contribute antispasmodic activity, though these properties are better documented in whole-plant preparations than in the isolated EO.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.480–481 (traditional use context)
AI-summary
Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence located for boldo essential oil. The EO contains ascaridole (~20–25%), a toxic bicyclic monoterpene endoperoxide with convulsant and cytotoxic properties, plus thujone and sabinyl acetate — a combined hazard profile that renders the oil contraindicated for all routes. Opdyke & Letizia (1982) RIFM monograph recorded skin irritation at 8% and acute convulsions in animal models (p.643–644). The choleretic and hepatoprotective reputation of 'boldo' in South American phytomedicine derives from boldine alkaloid in the leaf herbal tea, not from the essential oil. Tisserand & Young (2014) explicitly classify boldo EO as one of the most hazardous oils and state it should not be used in aromatherapy.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Grounding
alertnessausteritywildnessintensitybitternessprimal
Chakra
solar
Ngũ hành
moc
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion — professional/academic context only | Not applicable for self-use; professional research context only | CONTRAINDICATED for all self-application. Professional supervision required in controlled environments. Ascaridole is explosive when concentrated; avoid flame and heat near neat oil. |
| Inhalation — brief, incidental (professional only) | No recommended dosage; momentary olfactory assessment only | For trained professionals only. Not for therapeutic inhalation. Children, pregnant individuals, epileptics, and CNS medication users must avoid all exposure. Do not diffuse in occupied spaces. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
Not applicable — contraindicated all routesBoldo EO is contraindicated for topical use in all populations. No carrier pairing recommended for self-use. Dilution work must be done by a qualified safety professional under controlled conditions.
Kết hợp tốt với
CamphoraceousHerbaceousEarthyWoody
Blend kinh điển
—
—
—
—
[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.480–481 (Boldo) + Ch.14 Ascaridole + Thujone + Sabinyl acetate profiles
[Miraldi, E. et al] chemistry profile
[Opdyke, D. L. J. & Letizia, C.] RIFM monograph p.643–644: skin irritation + acute LD + non-phototoxic + convulsion data
[Margaria, R.] thujone NOAEL convulsions male/female rats
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
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Giới hạn IFRA
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
Giới hạn độ tuổi
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Bảo quản
Bảo quản nơi tối, mát