- Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia J. Graham (Lamiaceae — KHÁC hoàn toàn Citrus bergamia Rutaceae). Common name "bergamot" chỉ trùng về aroma — không liên quan cam chanh, không phototoxic.
- Max dermal 5.7% (T&Y) — driver = geraniol 93.2% (worst-case) × geraniol IFRA cap 5.3% = 5.7%.
- Hazards: Drug interaction + skin sensitization (low risk). Drug interaction = CYP2B6 inhibition via citral + geraniol theoretical risk (Table 4.11B) — caution oral với drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
- Chemistry: Geraniol 86.8–93.2% (cực dominant — gần như monoconstituent) + linalool 0.8–3.1% + neral 1.4–2.0% + geranial 1.2–1.6% + γ-terpinene 0–1.8% + nerol 0.8–1.4% + β-myrcene 0–1.3% + 1-octen-3-ol 0.2–1.1% (Lawrence 1981, Mazza 1987).
- Non-phototoxic (Lamiaceae steam-distilled — no furocoumarin). Limited commercial availability — niche North American crop.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia J. Graham
- Họ thực vật
- Lamiaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Flowering plant
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Fresh-rosy-citrus-herbal (geraniol-driven "rosewater-like" with faint lemon-verbena twist fr...
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Sun-warmed wild-rose sweetness, lush honeyed petals with meadow-green depth, dewy luminous freshness, a soft herbaceous whisper beneath pillowy florals
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Ngọt ngào như hoa hồng dại phơi nắng, cánh hoa mật ong dịu mướt mà, đồng cỏ đẫm sương ánh bình minh, thoảng lá xanh thảo mộc ẩn dưới lớp hoa mềm mại
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
1/5
Da dầu/mụn
3/5
Da lão hóa
2/5
Da thường
3/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
2/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu bergamot dại / horsemint (Monarda fistulosa)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
antimicrobial — broad-spectrum
Phenolic constituents (thymol/carvacrol class) disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit enzymatic activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13, p.472–473; class-extrapolation from thymol/carvacrol-class Lamiaceae oils
antifungal
Phenolic constituents interfere with fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity, consistent with the thymol/carvacrol chemotype class within Lamiaceae.
Ref: class-extrapolation from thymol-class Lamiaceae oils (oregano, thyme); Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
anti-inflammatory
Monoterpene phenols and sesquiterpene constituents in Lamiaceae oils modulate prostaglandin synthesis pathways; evidence for this species remains preclinical.
Ref: class-extrapolation from Lamiaceae phenol-class oils; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
analgesic — topical counter-irritant
Phenolic constituents produce a warming counter-irritant effect via TRPV1 activation, locally masking pain perception at the application site.
Ref: class-extrapolation from thymol/carvacrol-class oils; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
expectorant / mucolytic
Volatile phenol and monoterpene constituents stimulate mucociliary clearance and liquefy bronchial secretions when inhaled, consistent with Lamiaceae respiratory tradition.
Ref: class-extrapolation from Lamiaceae phenol-class oils; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
CYP2B6 inhibition (drug-interaction hazard)
Constituent(s) inhibit cytochrome P450 2B6 enzyme activity, potentially altering plasma levels of co-administered drugs metabolised via this pathway (e.g., bupropion, efavirenz, ketamine).
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13, p.472–473
AI-summary
Traditional aromatherapy use; no RCT-grade clinical evidence located for Monarda fistulosa essential oil in humans. Available citations are limited to botanical chemistry and chemotype characterisation studies (Lawrence 1981; Mazza, Kiehn & Marshall 1987). Antimicrobial and antifungal properties are widely attributed to the thymol/carvacrol chemotype class within Lamiaceae, supported by preclinical in-vitro data for those constituent classes but not verified in controlled clinical trials specific to this species.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Uplifting, Balancing
joyrenewaltendernessoptimisminner-calmconfidence
Chakra
heart
Ngũ hành
hoa
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 2–4 drops in 100 ml water (ultrasonic diffuser) | Ideal for ambient antimicrobial and respiratory support. Limit to 30–60 min sessions; ventilate between uses. Avoid in rooms with infants or pregnant women. |
| Topical massage | Up to 5.7% in carrier oil (adult); 1–2% recommended for regular use | Dilute in a non-comedogenic carrier. Avoid mucous membranes and broken skin. Phenols may cause warming sensation; patch-test first. Avoid sun exposure for 12 h post-application. |
| Steam inhalation | 1–2 drops in a bowl of hot water | Cover head with towel; inhale for 5–10 minutes. Effective for upper respiratory congestion. Keep eyes closed. Not suitable for asthma sufferers without practitioner guidance. |
| Compress | 3–4 drops in 500 ml warm water; soak cloth, wring, apply | Useful for localised muscle or joint discomfort via counter-irritant action. Apply for 10–15 minutes. Ensure adequate dilution to avoid skin irritation. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaStable wax ester, non-comedogenic and chemically inert — ideal buffer for phenol-rich oils to reduce dermal irritation potential and extend shelf life.
Fractionated coconut oilLight, odourless, and rapidly absorbed; complements the antimicrobial action of phenol-class constituents in therapeutic massage blends.
Sweet almond oilModerate absorption and oleic acid content provide good viscosity balance for topical blends at 1–3% dilution with minimal interference with the oil's scent profile.
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralCitrusHerbaceousWoody
Blend kinh điển
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.472–473 (Bergamot wild / Horsemint)
[Lawrence, B. M.] Monarda [via B216]
[Mazza, G., Kiehn, F. A., Marshall, H. H.] chemotype variation [via B216]
An Toàn
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Giới hạn IFRA
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
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Bảo quản
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