- Bergamot FCF is the "safe twin" — furanocoumarin-free + non-phototoxic. Use this variant for any daytime / sun-exposed product. The sibling Expressed variant ([[bergamot]]) is phototoxic at the 0.4% cap; FCF is NOT.
- FCF hazards: "None known" (verbatim B216 p.471). FCF follows the general [[dilution]] framework — adult up to 5%, SCCNFP math allows up to 16.6% in leave-on products.
- Bergapten is reduced ~30× vs Expressed: 0–0.0091% in FCF vs 0.11–0.33% in Expressed. Below the 15 ppm SCCNFP threshold at normal use. This is the toxicologically decisive difference.
- Still limonene-rich (28–45%) → oxidation-sensitive. Store dark / cool / airtight; add antioxidant in formulations. Oxidized FCF is still a skin sensitizer via limonene peroxide formation — the oxidation risk is shared with Expressed.
- Odor profile is "inferior" vs Expressed (B216 p.472) — rectification flattens the bright top note. FCF is the pragmatic choice when phototox is non-negotiable (daytime body oil, deodorant, lip balm, leave-on facial products with UV exposure).
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit.
- Họ thực vật
- Rutaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fruit peel
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Cold expression + rectification (distillation or absorbent pass to remove furanocoumarins)
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to light greenish-yellow (loses deep green of non-FCF due to removal of non-volatile fraction)
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- Top note; Fresh, bright citrus-floral with distinctive sweet-herbaceous undertone, subtle spicy facets; lighter than expressed bergamot due to partial removal of non-volatile aromatic compounds
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- No established chemotypes; FCF = standard cold-pressed oil subjected to vacuum distillation or molecular distillation to remove furanocoumarins (esp. bergapten / 5-methoxypsoralen). Bergapten target: <0.0075% (IFRA/SCCNFP threshold).
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
Italy (Calabria — world standard)Ivory CoastArgentinaBrazil
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐⭐⭐ — Widely imported and available via specialty retailers (scent.vn, oking.vn, heny garden); primarily sourced from Italy or India. No domestic production. FCF-specific versions available from specialist suppliers.
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
2/5
Độ bền trên da
30 min–2 hours (top note volatility; 3–4 hrs with fixatives in blend)
Họ hương
Citrus
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
dry citrus, clean, shallower, lighter tea note
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
cam khô, sạch, ít chiều sâu, trà bergamot nhạt
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
30 min–2 hours (top note volatility; 3–4 hrs with fixatives in blend)
Cường độ hương
2/5
Da khô
3/5
Moderate: brightening but lacks emollient action; use in nourishing carriers (argan, rosehip) at ≤1%
Da dầu/mụn
5/5
Excellent: antimicrobial, sebum-balancing, anti-inflammatory; use ≤1% in jojoba; FCF safe for daytime
Da lão hóa
4/5
Good: antioxidant protection, mild brightening; combine with rosehip + frankincense
Da nhạy cảm
3/5
Caution: linalool/limonene are potential allergens (EU regulated); patch test mandatory; keep ≤0.5%
Da hỗn hợp
4/5
Very good: treats T-zone oiliness without stripping dry areas; balanced approach at 0.5–1%
Nhập khẩu** Imported
Vùng trồng / sản xuất tại VN
N/A — Not cultivated in Vietnam
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Cam hương (cam = orangehương = fragrant/aromatic) — most common
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
No traditional YHCT (Traditional Vietnamese Medicine) documentation — bergamot is not historically part of Vietnamese herbal pharmacopeia - Modern use only: aromatherapy, cosmetics, food flavoring (Earl Grey tea), wellness products - Vietnamese consumers primarily use for: stress relief diffusion, skincare serums, perfumery blending, spa/massage
Mua hàng tại VN
Widely available via e-commerce (Shopee, Lazada, Tiki) and specialist stores - Import origins: Italy (premium), India (mid-range, widely available), France (high-end) - FCF-specific versions available from specialist aromatherapy suppliers (scent.vn carries FCF-labelled product) - Price range: 80,000–200,000 VND / 10 ml (retail); imported quality varies significantly; CoA verification essential - Key risk: Many "bergamot" products sold in VN are fragrance oils or dilutions, not genuine 100% EO;
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Anxiolytic / Anti-anxiety
Linalool and linalyl acetate modulate GABAergic neurotransmission and activate a neural circuit from anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) → anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), producing measurable anxiolytic-like behavior in acute stress models;
Ref: PMID 39487959 (2025)
Antidepressant
Inhaled BEO upregulates serum 5-HT (serotonin), IGF-1, and downregulates pro-inflammatory IL-1β; protects hippocampal neuronal plasticity (dendritic density, PSD-95, synaptophysin) in CUMS rat model;
Ref: PMC10980931 (Chang et al. 2024)
Anti-inflammatory / Antioxidant
Limonene and linalool inhibit NF-κB pathway, reduce IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2/9 cytokines;
Ref: PMC7559496 (Sun et al. 2020); PMC10114982 (Adorisio et al. 2023)
Antimicrobial
Active against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes; MIC variability depending on batch chemistry;
Ref: PMC5178834 (2016)
Analgesic / Neuropathic pain
BEO modulates synaptic plasticity involved in nociceptive and neuropathic pain signaling; preclinical evidence;
Ref: PMID 26996621 (Rombolà et al. 2016)
Anti-acne
Reduces sebaceous gland spot growth, inhibits P. acnes, promotes caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in sebaceous cells, reduces IL-1α;
Ref: PMC7559496
PMC12332428 (2025) — Citrus bergamia RCT, cancer patients
Significant reduction in depression (p=0.007) and anxiety (p=0.013) on DASS-21 using aroma inhaler; 40–50% decrease in stress/fatigue reported
Grade A — RCTPMC10980931 (Chang et al. 2024)
Inhaled BEO reversed CUMS depression markers; ↑5-HT, ↑IGF-1, ↓IL-1β, improved hippocampal neuroplasticity
Moderate — Animal RCTPMC7559496 (Sun et al. 2020)
BEO significantly reduced acne lesions, ↓IL-1α, ↓TG in hamster sebaceous model over 4 weeks
Moderate — Animal modelPMC5178834 (2016)
Variable antibacterial activity vs. L. monocytogenes across 7 BEO samples by agar diffusion
In vitroPMID 26996621 (Rombolà 2016)
BEO modifies synaptic plasticity in nociceptive/neuropathic pain pathways
Preclinical reviewTâm trạng: ** Uplifting + Calming (dual-action: bright top note lifts mood while linalool/linalyl acetate calms nervous system)
Anxietylow moodemotional exhaustionlack of confidencestress-induced tension
Chakra
** Heart Chakra (Anahata)
Ngũ hành
Wood
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 4–6 drops | 30–60 min sessions; 15 m² room; blend 2:1 with lavender for stress relief |
| Topical massage (massage) | 1–2% dilution | ≈6–12 drops per 30 ml carrier; suitable for full-body and facial use (FCF = phototoxicity-free) |
| Bath (tắm) | 6–8 drops in dispersant | Must dilute in carrier/bath dispersant first; avoid direct water contact |
| Inhalation (hít) | 2–3 drops on tissue/inhaler | 3–5 min; effective for acute anxiety/stress relief |
| Skincare (chăm sóc da) | 0.5–1% in face oil | Non-comedogenic; FCF safe for daytime application without sun risk |
Kết hợp tốt với
CitrusFloralWoodHerbResin
[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R, Essential Oil Safety, 2nd Ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014 — Bergamot FCF p. 207–210; dermal limits; pregnancy guidance
[Primary safety 2] Tisserand Institute: "Do not use Bergamot on children under 3 years old" — tisserand.com product notes (verified 2025)
[IFRA standard] IFRA Standard for Bergamot expressed (phototoxic) — Category 4 ≤0.4%; FCF unrestricted for phototoxicity when bergapten verified <0.0075%
[Clinical RCT] PMC12332428 — "Using an aromatherapy intervention with Citrus bergamia…" (2025): DASS-21 RCT; depression p=0.007, anxiety p=0.013
[Neural mechanism] PMID 39487959 — "A Neural Circuit For Bergamot Essential Oil-Induced Anxiolytic Effects" (2025): AON→ACC circuit
[Antidepressant animal] PMC10980931 — Chang J et al. 2024: CUMS model; 5-HT upregulation, hippocampal neuroplasticity
[Pain / neurology] PMID 26996621 — Rombolà L et al. 2016: "Rational Basis for the Use of Bergamot EO in Complementary Medicine"
[Antimicrobial] PMC5178834 — "Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bergamot Essential Oils" 2016
[Anti-acne / anti-inflammatory] PMC7559496 — Sun P et al. 2020: BEO vs. acne vulgaris; IL-1α, TG, P. acnes
[Comprehensive review] PMC10114982 — Adorisio S et al. 2023: "Biological effects of bergamot and its potential therapeutic use"
[GC-MS data] Shay & Company CoA Lot 13231 (Italy FCF); Nature's Gift EVS-4414 CoA; Praana Naturals B123003 CoA
[Dermal limits reference] craft360.com.au — Dermal limits guide 2026 (citing Tisserand & IFRA): Bergamot FCF up to ~5%; expressed ≤0.4%
[VN sourcing] scent.vn Bergamot FCF product page; shopee.vn Heber Natural Life bergamot import (India); oking.vn bergamot product page
[Anxiolytic mechanism] PMC6710760 — "Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot EO Are Insensitive to Flumazenil" 2019
[Data reliability] HIGH — Multiple peer-reviewed sources (2016–2025); GC-MS from multiple commercial CoAs; safety from Tisserand & Young + IFRA
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
Xem chi tiết
Giới hạn IFRA
** FCF: typically unrestricted for phototoxicity when bergapten removed and verified; expressed: Category 4 (leave-on, sun-exposed) ≤0.4%
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
Giới hạn độ tuổi
Xem chi tiết
Genuine FCF bergamot: Pale yellow (not deep green); bergapten <0.0075% on CoA; linalyl acetate 20–35%, limonene 30–45%, linalool 10–20% Adulteration risks: Synthetic linalyl acetate addition (shifts ratio anomalously high); lavandin EO substitution; dihydromyrcenol addition; limonene fraction from other citrus; adding bergamot fragrance oil Authentication: GC-MS with enantiomeric ratio check (natural R-(+)-limonene >97% enantiomeric excess); bergapten HPLC quantification mandatory for FCF claim
Bảo quản
Amber glass; cool dark conditions 10–15°C; avoid oxygen exposure; 12–18 months after opening; 2–3 years unopened. Monoterpene-dominant oils oxidize readily — limonene oxidation products (limonene oxide, carvone) increase sensitization risk in aged oil.