- CRITICAL category rail: Benzoin is a RESINOID, NOT an essential oil. T&Y explicit: "There is no benzoin essential oil." Commercial "benzoin oil" is a solvent-extracted resinoid, typically diluted 50% in a carrier (benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, DPG, or — in older products — diethyl phthalate). Must never be described or catalogued as a steam-distilled EO.
- Dual-source rail (same product, two countries, three species): Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin Dryand. + S. paralleloneurus Perkins (Indonesia). Siam benzoin from S. tonkinensis Pierre (primarily Laos — Luang Prabang — + Cambodia + southern China; the trade name "Siam" is historical from the old Thai market hub, not geographic origin of production today). Family Styracaceae.
- Sumatra volatile profile (Moyler 1998): Benzyl benzoate 50.7% + benzyl alcohol 43.4% + (Z)-cinnamyl (E)-cinnamate 1.5% + cinnamic acid 1.4% + ethyl cinnamate 1.0% + benzoic acid 0.1%. Siam volatile profile: Benzyl benzoate 39.3% + benzyl alcohol 38.8% + benzoic acid 18.4% + ethyl cinnamate 0.8%. Key discriminator: Siam carries ~18% benzoic acid, Sumatra only 0.1% — this changes the oral dose limit and the sensitization class significantly.
- Hazards: Skin sensitization low risk (but Peru-balsam cross-reaction in sensitized patients up to 80% per Hjorth 1961). Cautions dermal: hypersensitive/diseased/damaged skin + children <2y. Max oral 368 mg (JECFA 5 mg/kg benzoic acid equivalents ADI — mostly the Siam rail). Max dermal 2% best-practice; CIR 5% cosmetic safe (Nair 2001a).
- Coniferyl benzoate 75%-of-raw-gum rail: Raw gum contains coniferyl benzoate up to 75% (NON-volatile, does NOT transfer to the resinoid/absolute/solvent-extract). Listed as sensitization candidate in older literature but is absent from the commercial product. Do not flag coniferyl benzoate on the commercial slug.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Styrax benzoin Dryand. / Styrax paralleloneurus Perkins / Styrax tonkinensis Pierre
- Họ thực vật
- Styracaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- —
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- solvent_extraction_resinoid
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Base
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
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Phân loại nốt
Base
Cường độ
3/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Sweet-balsamic
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Warm honeyed balsam, vanilla-kissed amber resin, softly smoky sacred incense, enveloping sweet-woody depth, tenacious fixative warmth
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Nhựa balsam ấm áp ngọt ngào, hổ phách ủ hương vani, khói nhựa linh thiêng nhẹ thoảng, chiều sâu gỗ-nhựa bao bọc, ấm nồng lắng đọng
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
3/5
Da khô
5/5
Da dầu/mụn
1/5
Da lão hóa
4/5
Da thường
3/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
2/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Cánh kiến trắng (Benzoin resinoid — Sumatra / Xiêm)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Vulnerary — minor wound healing
Benzyl benzoate and benzoic acid constituents form a mild antiseptic, film-forming barrier over minor cuts and chapped skin, supporting re-epithelialization in traditional practice.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 Benzoin
Emollient — skin-softening
The resinoid's wax-ester matrix creates an occlusive film that locks in moisture and softens roughened or cracked skin surfaces, classic use for dry/cracked heels.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 Benzoin
Expectorant — upper respiratory
Inhaled benzoic acid vapors stimulate bronchial mucosal secretion and promote expectoration; compound benzoin tincture holds pharmacopoeial history for this indication.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 Benzoin
Antimicrobial — preservative
Benzoic acid, the primary constituent, disrupts microbial membrane integrity across a broad spectrum of bacteria and yeasts at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Ref: JECFA 1996 group ADI benzoic acid equivalents; Nair (CIR) 2001a
Anxiolytic — emotional comfort
Sweet vanillin-rich olfactory profile modulates limbic system activity via the olfactory–amygdala pathway; traditionally used in aromatherapy for grief, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 Benzoin; traditional aromatherapy use
Anti-inflammatory — topical
Cinnamic acid esters (benzyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate) are proposed to modulate arachidonic acid pathway mediators in skin tissue; mechanism class-extrapolated from Peru balsam chemistry overlap.
Ref: class-extrapolation from Peru balsam (Hjorth 1961 cross-reactivity implies shared active chemistry)
AI-summary
No RCT-grade therapeutic trial evidence identified in available citations. CIR Expert Panel (Nair 2001a) reviewed benzoin at 5% in cosmetic formulations and concluded it safe for cosmetic use. NTP (1980) 104-week rat/mouse feeding study found no carcinogenicity signal. In-vitro mutagenicity flags (Oberly 1993 MLA; Ishidate 1988 CHL chromosomal aberration positive) were interpreted as likely false-positive artefacts under specific test conditions by Kirkland (2005). Contact sensitization evidence is substantial: Hjorth (1961) documented 80% cross-reaction with Peru balsam; Scardamaglia (2003) found 9.2% positive patch test (45/477) to compound tincture of benzoin in a clinical dermatology cohort; Sharp (1978) confirmed sensitizing potential in guinea pig challenge assay. Collectively these data support cautious low-concentration topical use with mandatory patch testing rather than therapeutic endorsement at elevated concentrations.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Calming, Grounding
comfortanxietywarmthsecuritymelancholynostalgia
Chakra
sacral
Ngũ hành
tho
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 2-3 drops per 100ml water | Warm balsamic-vanilla profile suits evening emotional support blends. Viscous resinoid may need gentle warming (max 40°C) before dispensing. Blend with frankincense or sandalwood. |
| Topical massage | 0.5-2.0% in carrier oil | ADULTS ONLY (children contraindicated). Never exceed 2.0% max dermal. Mandatory patch test — 80% Peru-balsam cross-reaction risk (Hjorth 1961). Prefer jojoba or sweet almond carrier. |
| Skincare — targeted application | 0.5-1.5% in lotion or balm | Traditional use for cracked heels, roughened skin, minor superficial healing. Avoid broken or actively sensitized skin. Occlusive base such as shea butter amplifies emollient effect. |
| Steam inhalation | 1-2 drops in hot (not boiling) water | 5-10 min session for respiratory congestion support. Adults only — contraindicated in children. Avoid in asthma without professional guidance. Cover head, keep eyes closed. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaNon-comedogenic wax ester is chemically stable and disperses the heavy resinoid cleanly; low intrinsic sensitization risk is important given benzoin's elevated contact-sensitization profile.
Sweet almond oilTraditional pairing for skin-soothing and emollient blends; mild oleic-acid base enhances benzoin's skin-softening action on dry or mature skin types.
Fractionated coconut oilLightweight, near-indefinite shelf life, and good skin penetration facilitate even distribution at the 2.0% dermal cap without excessive occlusion on combination skin.
Shea butter (refined)Rich occlusive base ideal for cracked-heel and dry-skin formulations; stearic/oleic dominant profile complements benzoin's film-forming vulnerary action.
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralWoodySpicyEarthy
Blend kinh điển
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 Benzoin profile
[Moyler] Sumatra + Siam volatile profiles [via B216]
[Hjorth] Peru-balsam cross-reaction 80% [via B216]
[Sharp] guinea pig 10% challenge sensitizing [via B216]
[Scardamaglia] 45/477 (9.2%) positive compound tincture benzoin [via B216]
[Nair] CIR 5% cosmetic safe [via B216]
[JECFA] group ADI 0–5 mg/kg benzoic acid equivalents [via B216]
[Burfield] adulteration (benzoic acid / benzyl cinnamate / ethyl cinnamate / vanillin) [via B216]
[Oberly] MLA mutagenic [via B216]
[Ishidate] CHL CA positive [via B216]
[Kirkland] false-positive signal interpretation [via B216]
[NTP] 104-week rat/mouse feeding no carcinogenicity [via B216]
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