- Santalum spicatum A. DC. (syn. S. cygnorum, Fusanus spicatus, Eucarya spicata) (Santalaceae), wood, steam distillation or solvent extraction. "Western Australian sandalwood / Australian sandalwood / Đàn hương Úc". 4× LESS santalol than East Indian [[sandalwood-east-indian]] (S. album) — DIFFERENT olfactory class + DIFFERENT safety profile (α-bisabolol-dominant with CYP2D6 drug interaction; NO photoallergy signal).
- Chemistry — DUAL-PRODUCT split: Steam-distilled (Day, private communication 2004) vs solvent-extracted/hydrodistilled (Valder et al 2003) oils are COMPOSITIONALLY DIFFERENT. Hydrodistilled/extracted: (Z)-α-santalol 13.3% + (2E,6E)-farnesol 9.3% + (Z)-β-curcumen-12-ol 7.2% + α-bisabolol 4.9%. Steam-distilled: α-santalol 15.3–17.0% + α-bisabolol 12.4–15.0% + (Z)-nuciferol 9.0–14.0% + (E,E)-farnesol 7.9–8.4%. Both oils carry CYP2D6 caution from α-bisabolol.
- Hazards: Drug interaction (CYP2D6 via α-bisabolol). Contraindications: None known. Cautions (oral): drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 (Appendix B — paroxetine, fluoxetine, tramadol, codeine, amitriptyline, flecainide, metoprolol, etc.). α-Bisabolol 4.9–15% inhibits CYP2D6 (T&Y Table 4.11B).
- No numeric T&Y dermal or oral cap specified. No adverse skin reaction or acute toxicity data found (Opdyke data for this species not available in B216 excerpt). Framework dermal 2–3% adult (lower than species could justify absent data — precautionary inherited from Santalum genus caps). Contains no known carcinogens. (Z)-α-santalol displays anticarcinogenic activity (Ch.14).
- Extraction-method dual product rail (CRITICAL): Commercial oil most commonly produced by combined solvent extraction + steam/vacuum distillation. Hexane is solvent of choice → traces in extracted oils. Steam distillation alone produces DIFFERENT composition vs extraction. Declare extraction method at purchase; GC-MS profile determines therapeutic class. Australian sandalwood is the POST-CITES commercial replacement for East Indian in mass-market products — DO NOT inherit East Indian's 2% Japanese-photoallergy cap onto this oil; DO inherit its own CYP2D6 caution. Authenticated S. spicatum does NOT photoallergize by East Indian's mechanism (santalol load too low).
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Santalum spicatum A. DC.
- Họ thực vật
- Santalaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Heartwood and roots (lõi gỗ và rễ — both used for distillation; root oil sometimes richer in nuciferol)
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation (hydrodistillation also practiced; minimum 15–20 year tree age required)
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to light amber viscous liquid; lighter color and less viscous than S. album
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Base
- Hương thơm
- Base; dry woody, resinous-earthy, softly balsamic, less sweet than Indian sandalwood
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- No formally recognized chemotype; key chemical distinction from S. album: lanceol + nuciferol dominant (60–70%) vs. α/β-santalol in S. album (~90%); plantation-grown Western Australia (Morawa, Eneabba, Esperance regions); sustainable certified supply available
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
Australia (Western Australia) — near-monopoly on sustainable supply
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐⭐ — Ít phổ biến hơn đàn hương Ấn; nhập khẩu từ Úc; tìm được qua nhà phân phối chuyên nghiệp hoặc đặt hàng online; giá thấp hơn S. album khoảng 30–50%
Phân loại nốt
Base
Cường độ
5/5
Độ bền trên da
6 hours – 20 hours
Họ hương
Woody
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Dry resinous wood with dusty depth, earthy-rooty undertone, softly balsamic without sweetness, muted and contemplative, faintly smoky sandalwood from a distance
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Gỗ khô nhẹ nhàng phủ bụi thời gian, đất khô thoảng mùi nhựa cây, trầm lặng không ngọt ngào, đàn hương mờ xa như khói nhang cũ, mộc mạc và kiên nhẫn
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
6 hours – 20 hours
Cường độ hương
5/5
Da khô
5/5
Sesquiterpenol-rich = emollient tự nhiên; lanceol + nuciferol hỗ trợ TEWL reduction; ideal cho da rất khô
Da dầu/mụn
3/5
Kháng khuẩn nhẹ; tuy nhiên farnesol content cao cần patch test; ít phù hợp hơn S. album cho acne
Da lão hóa
5/5
Emollient, anti-inflammatory; alpha-bisabolol (5–12%) có tác dụng soothing và anti-aging được ghi nhận tốt
Da thường
4/5
Phù hợp, đặc biệt làm base note cho skincare có hương; non-comedogenic
Da nhạy cảm
3/5
Farnesol 10–18% là allergen — patch test BẮT BUỘC; nguy cơ sensitization cao hơn S. album; dùng nồng độ thấp ≤1%
Da hỗn hợp
4/5
Phù hợp tốt ở nồng độ 1–2%; không gây bít lỗ chân lông; dùng toàn mặt sau patch test
Nhập khẩuImported Only.)
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu đàn hương Úc (Australian Sandalwood)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Tropical Plant Research 2021, Saxena et al. tropicalplantresearch
Full GC-MS characterisation; lanceol 37.82%, nuciferol 17.62% dominant; total santalols ~25% vs ~90% in S. album
Analytical GC-MSBenchchem comparative journals.sagepub
Confirmed lower α-santalol in S. spicatum vs S. album; authenticated species-level differentiation by santalol ratio
Analytical comparativeAustralian NICNAS/AICIS Health Tier II industrialchemicals.gov
TGA approved therapeutic goods use (topical/inhalation); no reproductive toxicity concern at standard concentrations
Regulatory safety assessmentValder et al. 2003, JEOR cdn.standards.iteh
Detailed compositional mapping of S. spicatum Western Australian oil; nuciferol and lanceol as signature compounds
AnalyticalTâm trạng: Grounding, Calming
Quiet solidityearthed presencepatient endurancemuted contemplationpractical serenity
Chakra
Root (Muladhara)
Ngũ hành
Earth
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (khuếch tán) | 3–5 drops / 100ml nước | 60–90 phút; hương nhẹ hơn S. album; kết hợp bergamot hoặc vetiver để tăng chiều sâu; phù hợp yoga, thiền, làm việc tập trung |
| Topical massage | 2–5% dilution | Carrier: Jojoba, Sweet Almond; phù hợp body massage, cổ vai gáy; tránh IFRA limits khi formulate leave-on |
| Bath (tắm) | 5–8 drops pha với 2 tbsp dầu Jojoba hoặc sữa | An toàn ở nồng độ thấp; nhớ tuân thủ IFRA Cat 9 ≤1.30% do farnesol |
| Inhalation (hít) | 2–3 drops lòng bàn tay, khum lại hít | 5–7 hơi sâu; hiệu quả nhất cho grounding trước meditation |
| Skincare (chăm sóc da) | 1–3% trong serum/cream | Phù hợp da khô, mature; chú ý IFRA Cat 5B ≤1.30% cho face cream; non-comedogenic |
Kết hợp tốt với
WoodyEarthyResinousSpicy (light)Floral (light Oriental)
Blend kinh điển
Vetiver EO + Australian Sandalwood— Hai tầng earthy-woody giao thoa; accord đất-gỗ cổ điển cho nước hoa unisex; vetiver thêm smoky depth, sandalwood Úc kéo dài fixative
Frankincense EO + Australian Sandalwood— Resinous-woody-meditative accord; phù hợp nước hoa thiền định và incense-inspired; bền hơi tốt, kết nối hai loại gỗ thiêng liêng
Geranium EO + Australian Sandalwood— Floral-rosy brightness trên nền gỗ khô earthy; cân bằng freshness và depth; hướng Chypre hiện đại
[tropicalplantresearch GC/MS Chemistry] Tropical Plant Research 2021, Saxena BK et al. — Volatile oil characterization of Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC.; lanceol 37.82%, nuciferol 17.62% dominant. https://www.tropicalplantresearch.com/archives/2021/vol8issue3/22.pdf
[cdn.standards.iteh Extended Composition] Valder C, Neugebaur M, Meier M & Hammeschmidt FJ (2003) — Western Australian Sandalwood Oil: New Constituents of Santalum spicatum. Journal of Essential Oil Research 15(3):178–186. [CITATION-NEEDED for open URL]
[journals.sagepub Comparative Santalol] Benchchem — Comparative analysis of santalol content from Santalum album vs Santalum spicatum. https://www.benchchem.com/pdf/comparative_analysis_of_santalol_content_from_Santalum_album_vs_Santalum_spicatum.pdf
[naturesgift IFRA 51st Amendment] NHR Organic Oils — IFRA 51 Conformity Certificate, Organic Sandalwood EO (Santalum spicatum); farnesol ≤18%, α-bisabolol ≤12.5%, furfural ≤0.2%; Max use Cat 1–11B = 1.30%, Cat 12 = 62.5%. https://www.nhrorganicoils.com/uploads/20241016172126e_Sandalwood_Spicatum_IFRA_51.pdf
[hunzaroma Aromatherapy / CNS] Tisserand Institute 2020 — Santalum Album Oil Rejuvenated (contextual reference for Santalum spp. therapeutic properties). https://tisserandinstitute.org/santalum-album-oil-rejuvenated-2/
[industrialchemicals.gov Safety / Regulatory] Australian AICIS (NICNAS) — Essential oils, Australian sandalwood: Human health tier II assessment (Dec 2019). https://www.industrialchemicals.gov.au/sites/default/files/Essential%20oils,%20Australian%20sandalwood_Human%20health%20tier%20II%20assessment.pdf
[tisserandinstitute COA / CAS Reference] Perfumer's Apprentice SDS — Pure Australian Sandalwood Oil Premium Grade (Santalum spicatum); CAS 8024-35-9. https://shop.perfumersapprentice.com/msds/9473.pdf
[benchchem INCI / FEMA] Madar Corporation COA — Sandalwood Australian; INCI: Santalum Spicatum Wood Oil; FEMA 3005. https://www.madarcorporation.com/spec-sheets/essential-oil/sandalwood-australian/Sandalwood%20Australian%20-%204508301%20All%20d…
[madarcorporation ISO Standard] ISO 22769:2022 — Essential oil of Santalum spicatum (Western Australian Sandalwood). https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/77269/112dc9c313c841dd8d6bddc6ff3225ec/ISO-22769-2022.pdf
[Physical data] Saxena et al. 2021 Table 1 — SG 0.9580, RI refractive index at 27°C ~1.500–1.507, optical rotation -4.10°. See tropicalplantresearch
[Primary safety] Tisserand R. & Young R., Essential Oil Safety 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone, 2014. [CITATION-NEEDED for specific page]
[Data reliability] HIGH — Chemistry từ verified peer-reviewed GC/MS study + ISO 22769 standard; IFRA từ official 51st Amendment NHR certificate với exact % limits; regulatory safety từ Australian Government AICIS; INCI/FEMA từ supplier COA. VN Context insufficient data — ghi rõ [NOT FOUND]
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
1.3%
Giới hạn IFRA
Yes — restricted across all categories due to farnesol content (CAS 4602-84-0); also α-bisabolol and furfural as minor restricted components
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 11.0%
Tam cá nguyệt 21.0%
Tam cá nguyệt 31.0%
Giới hạn độ tuổi
AVOID
- Authentic S. spicatum: Lanceol ≥25% + Nuciferol ≥12% (ISO 22769:2022 authentication requirements); total santalols 20–30%; optical rotation -3° to -6°; specific gravity 0.952–0.968 - Adulteration phổ biến: (1) Pha S. album thật hoặc synthetic santalols → total santalols >40%, α-santalol tăng bất thường; (2) Nhầm lẫn với Atlas cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) — cedrene + cedrol peaks, không có lanceol/nuciferol; (3) Synthetic farnesol pha để tăng farnesol content - ⚠️ SPECIES CONFUSION: Tránh
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