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Trang chủThư Viện HươngAsafoetida
The Perfumer's Grimoire

Tinh dầu A ngùy

Asafoetida

Ferula asa-foetida L.

Top/MiddleNhựa thơm

“Lưu huỳnh hăng nồng sắc bén, bóng tối tỏi sống hoang dã, đất lên men mang hơi thú hoang, nhiệt nhựa bí ẩn cổ xưa, chiều sâu umami ẩn giấu lộ dần khi pha loãng”

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Tóm Tắt Khoa Học

Từ Thư Viện Kinh Điển
  1. Ferula asa-foetida L., Apiaceae. Source: oleo-gum-resin (exudate from cut rhizome/taproot), hydro- or steam-distilled to volatile fraction. "Asafoetida / Asafetida / Hing (Hindi) / A ngùy (Vietnamese — TCM) / Devil's dung (vulgar English, describing odor)". Ancient Persian/Central Asian spice-medicine with Silk Road heritage; TCM "A-wei".
  2. Chemistry (Rajanikanth 1984; Iranshahi 2004 — via B216): 1-(Methylthio)propyl (E)-1-propenyl disulfide 2.7–37.9% (dominant sulfur compound, wide range by chemotype) + (E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide 9.3–34.4% + (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide 4.9–29.8% + bis(1-methylthio)propyl disulfide 1.5–14.7% + other mixed alkyl + alkenyl disulfides + sulfides + trisulfides. Organosulfur-dominant (total sulfur compounds 40–65%). Non-sulfur minors: α-pinene + β-pinene + myrcene (traces).
  3. Hazards: Low-moderate — allium-family-class sulfur compound sensitization potential; GI upset at oral dose; coumarin-like mild anticoagulant extrapolation. Contraindications: Pregnancy (traditional abortifacient folk use); children <6y; peptic ulcer (irritant); haemorrhagic disorders + anticoagulant stacking caution. Max dermal 3% (framework default — T&Y no explicit restriction). Max oral: caution — traditional culinary hing doses (~50–200 mg/day as gum, NOT EO) are safe; concentrated EO oral use not recommended.
  4. Sulfur-compound-dominant chemistry rail (IMPORTANT): Asafoetida's alkyl + alkenyl disulfide + sulfide chemistry is nearly unique among EOs — only [[galbanum]] (related Ferula gum-resin) shares some sulfur character; [[onion]] + [[garlic]] (Allium genus) have organosulfur chemistry but via different biosynthetic pathway (alliinase → allicin → diallyl disulfide). Asafoetida's disulfides contribute: (1) THE characteristic pungent "rotten-egg-meets-cooked-garlic" odor; (2) mild anticoagulant + antiplatelet extrapolation from garlic/onion-class sulfides; (3) gastric mucosa irritant potential at concentrated dose; (4) historical antispasmodic + carminative medicinal signal. Mercaptan odor is a FEATURE not defect — dilute properly.
  5. Traditional abortifacient + emmenagogue folk use rail: Ancient Greek + Persian + Ayurvedic + TCM texts record asafoetida as emmenagogue + abortifacient herbal adjunct. Modern data limited but tradition consistent across cultures → precautionary pregnancy absolute CI at EO dose. Culinary hing dose (pinch in dal, sambhar, chole) is a separate class — safe and traditional worldwide; EO at aromatherapy concentration is NOT equivalent to culinary hing dose.
🌿
Thận trọngNốt Top/MiddlePungent-sulfurous-garlicky-onion-meets-musty-resinous

Asafoetida

Tinh dầu A ngùy (Asafoetida / Hing)

Ferula asa-foetida L.

Tinh dầu A ngùy (Asafoetida / Hing) — Pungent-sulfurous-garlicky-onion-meets-musty-resinous

⚠️Tinh dầu này cần thận trọng khi sử dụng. Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn an toàn.

Tổng Quan

Danh pháp khoa học
Ferula asa-foetida L.
Họ thực vật
Apiaceae
Bộ phận dùng
—
Phương pháp chiết xuất
steam_distillation
Màu sắc
—
Phân loại nốt hương
Nốt Top/Middle
Hương thơm
—
Chemotype / Cultivar
—

Tình trạng tại Việt Nam

Xem chi tiết

Phân loại nốt
Top-Middle
Cường độ
5/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Pungent-sulfurous-garlicky-onion-meets-musty-resinous
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)

Searing sulfurous funk, raw garlic shadow in darkness, animalic fermented earth, ancient resin heat, savory umami depth when tamed by dilution

Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)

Lưu huỳnh hăng nồng sắc bén, bóng tối tỏi sống hoang dã, đất lên men mang hơi thú hoang, nhiệt nhựa bí ẩn cổ xưa, chiều sâu umami ẩn giấu lộ dần khi pha loãng

Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)

2–4 giờ

Cường độ hương
5/5
Da khô
1/5

Da dầu/mụn
2/5

Da lão hóa
1/5

Da thường
2/5

Da nhạy cảm
1/5

Da hỗn hợp
2/5

Nhập khẩuImported

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

Tinh dầu A ngùy (Asafoetida / Hing)

Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp

Carminative

Organosulfur compounds (sec-butyl propenyl disulfide) reduce intestinal gas formation and smooth muscle spasm, easing bloating and flatulence.

Ref: Mahendra & Bisht (2012) Pharmacognosy Reviews; Amalraj & Gopi (2017) J Trad Complement Med

Antispasmodic

Sulfur-containing constituents modulate gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone, reducing cramping and colic-type pain.

Ref: Amalraj & Gopi (2017) Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

Antimicrobial

Organosulfur compounds disrupt microbial cell membranes; broad-spectrum in-vitro activity against bacteria and fungi documented.

Ref: Mahendra & Bisht (2012) Pharmacognosy Reviews

Anti-inflammatory

Ferulic acid-class metabolites from F. asa-foetida suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release, reducing systemic inflammation in animal models.

Ref: Iranshahi (2020) F. asa-foetida pharmacological review

Expectorant

Volatile sulfur and terpene fractions loosen respiratory mucus; traditional Ayurvedic and Unani application for bronchitis and congestion.

Ref: Mahendra & Bisht (2012) Pharmacognosy Reviews

Antihypertensive

Sulfur-containing terpenoids modulate vascular smooth muscle tone; vasodilatory activity observed in animal model studies.

Ref: Iranshahi (2020) F. asa-foetida pharmacological review

AI-summary

No RCT-grade clinical evidence exists for aromatherapeutic use of asafoetida EO specifically. Pharmacological reviews (Mahendra & Bisht 2012; Amalraj & Gopi 2017; Iranshahi 2020) document in-vitro and animal-model evidence for digestive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, but these studies predominantly concern the gum-resin or ethanolic extracts rather than the isolated essential oil. Tisserand & Young (2014) provide safety parameters but cite no clinical trial data for the EO. All therapeutic ratings reflect traditional-use evidence (Ayurvedic, Unani, classical Greco-Roman per Dioscorides De Materia Medica) combined with in-vitro pharmacological data.

Narrative

Tâm trạng: Grounding, Stimulating

protectionprimalgroundingancientalertnessmystery

Chakra

root

Ngũ hành

kim

Phương phápLiều lượngGhi chú
Abdominal massage1–2% in carrier oil (max 3% adult)Blend with jojoba or sweet almond; apply clockwise over abdomen for digestive support. Contraindicated in pregnancy and for children.
Diffusion1–2 drops in 100 ml waterExtremely potent odor — start with 1 drop; blend with citrus or ginger EO to temper. Not recommended for children's rooms.
Inhalation (steam)1 drop in bowl of hot waterBrief 5-min inhalation for respiratory congestion. Avoid if asthmatic. Not for pregnancy or children under 12.
Warm compress2–3 drops in 500 ml warm waterApply warm compress to abdomen for colic or digestive cramping. Adults only; avoid prolonged skin contact.

Dầu nền phù hợp

Sweet almond oilLightweight, neutral-scented carrier that does not compete with asafoetida's dominant sulfurous aroma; well-suited for abdominal massage.
Jojoba oilStable wax ester with long shelf life; balances asafoetida's oxidation potential and absorbs cleanly into skin for topical digestive blends.
Fractionated coconut oilTraditional Ayurvedic pairing for asafoetida; light texture and complementary antimicrobial profile for abdominal massage applications.

Kết hợp tốt với

ResinousEarthySpicyWoodyHerbaceous

Blend kinh điển

—
—
—
—
[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.449
[Rajanikanth] asafoetida volatile composition sulfur compounds [via B216]
[Iranshahi] Iranian asafoetida chemotype survey [via B216]
[Mahendra & Bisht] Ferula asa-foetida traditional uses + pharmacology
[Amalraj & Gopi] Ferula asa-foetida pharmacological review
[Dioscorides De Materia Medica] classical references to silphium/asafoetida

An Toàn

Giới hạn da tối đa

Xem chi tiết

Giới hạn IFRA

Xem chi tiết

Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown

Giới hạn độ tuổi

Xem chi tiết

Bảo quản

Bảo quản nơi tối, mát

Xem hồ sơ an toàn chi tiết

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Hồ Sơ Hoá Học Chi Tiết
§3 Chemical Profile — chemotype, constituent ranges, adulteration
Constituent%
1-(Methylthio)propyl (E)-1-propenyl disulfide2.7–37.9% (chemotype variable)
(E)-1-Propenyl sec-butyl disulfide9.3–34.4%
(Z)-1-Propenyl sec-butyl disulfide4.9–29.8%
bis(1-Methylthio)propyl disulfide1.5–14.7%
Other alkyl/alkenyl disulfides + sulfides10–20% combined
Trisulfides + polysulfides1–8% combined
α-Pinene0.1–1.5%
β-Pinene0.1–1.0%
Myrcene0.1–1.2%
α-Humulenetrace
Various sesquiterpenestrace

Chemistry insight:

  • Organosulfur-dominant (40–65% combined sulfur compounds) — almost unique in EO commerce. Biosynthesis via cysteine-derived pathway in Ferula resin canals (mechanistically distinct from Allium-family alliinase pathway).
  • Mixed alkyl/alkenyl disulfides + sulfides — responsible for the pungent characteristic odor ("cooked-garlic + rotten-egg + cabbage" — hence Devil's dung vernacular). Paradoxically, diluted + heated in ghee/oil (Indian tadka technique), the pungent sulfur character transforms into savory-umami depth — classical culinary use.
  • Chemotype variation: F. asa-foetida sensu strictu (Iranian origin) tends toward 1-(methylthio)propyl propenyl disulfide dominance; Afghan + Central Asian material often shifts toward sec-butyl propenyl disulfides. Commercial hing quality grading ("hing kabuli sufaid" pale vs "hing lal" red) partly reflects chemotype.
  • Monoterpene hydrocarbons (pinenes + myrcene) trace only — not primary driver; contribute minor piney-green edge.
  • Coumarins + sesquiterpene coumarins (non-volatile, in gum residue — NOT major in steam EO): F. asa-foetida gum contains umbelliferone + ferulic acid esters + sesquiterpene coumarins (farnesiferol A/B/C, galbanic acid) that do NOT distill over in steam. These are the basis for the "mild anticoagulant extrapolation" concern — but they stay in the spent gum after distillation, so steam EO is LOWER anticoagulant risk than tincture or whole-gum culinary use. Flag: extrapolation caution remains precautionary.
  • Quality / adulteration: Asafoetida is historically one of the most-adulterated spices. Common adulterants: (1) wheat flour + gum arabic + coloring (inert bulking); (2) F. galbaniflua gum (galbanum — related but distinct, lower sulfur); (3) other less-bitter Ferula species with sub-par sulfur profile; (4) synthetic sulfide-compound mixtures (rare in EO, common in "asafoetida flavoring" food-grade). Authentication: GC-MS sulfur compound panel + isotope-ratio-MS for synthetic detection.
Công Dụng Trị Liệu Chi Tiết
§10 Therapeutic Uses — skin, emotional, physical, respiratory
  • Digestive (culinary hing, NOT EO): Classical Indian + Persian + Afghan use in beans + pulses + lentil cooking to reduce gas + bloating + dyspepsia + colic. Pinch added to hot ghee/oil before adding other ingredients ("tadka" technique) — sulfur compounds mellow into savory umami. Mechanism: mild antispasmodic + carminative + protease-modulating.
  • Ayurveda: Hingu (हिङ्गु) — Rasayana for Vata + Kapha; digestive fire stimulant; carminative; antispasmodic; used in Hingwashtak churna (classical digestive formula) + Hingvadi vati.
  • TCM: 阿魏 (ā-wèi) — dissolves food stasis, kills parasites, resolves accumulation; used for abdominal mass, food stagnation, parasites. Strong-odor category; used sparingly.
  • Traditional Persian/Unani: Antispasmodic + carminative + expectorant + anti-helminthic.
  • Modern respiratory (inhalation, diluted): Mild expectorant signal; traditional asafoetida amulet (gum piece tied in cloth around neck) was folk remedy for cough/cold prevention — semi-aromatherapeutic, more culturally than clinically grounded.
  • Perfumery (niche): Classical leather + chypre + animalic accords 0.01–0.2% trace. Creates unique savory-leathery depth unmatched by any synthetic.
Năng Lượng & Ngũ Hành
§11 Energetics — TCM, Ayurveda, aromatic energetics
  • Five-element (TCM): Thổ (Earth — Spleen/Stomach digestive) + Hỏa (Fire — warming) + Mộc (Wood — moving stagnation). Strong-odor category.
  • Ayurveda: Tikshna (sharp) + Ushna (heating) + Katu (pungent) rasa/virya; Vata + Kapha pacifying; Pitta aggravating at excess.
  • Silk Road heritage: One of the definitive Silk Road spice-medicines; moved between Persian, Central Asian, Indian, Chinese pharmacopoeias from 1st millennium BCE. Persian "anjadana" → Arabic "anjūdān" → medieval European "assa foetida".

Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Y Khoa

§14 Renderer Contract — Tisserand & Young V2.2

Thông Số Định Lượng

hazards
["traditional_abortifacient_emmenagogue_folk_CI","coumarin_extrapolation_mild_anticoagulant","sulfur_compound_GI_mucosal_irritant_oral_concentrated","dermal_sensitization_moderate_aged_oil","extreme_odor_intensity_handling"]
phototoxic
false
plant_part
oleo_gum_resin
cyp_inhibition
—
chemistry_class
organosulfur_disulfide_dominant
drug_interactions
["warfarin_theoretical_anticoagulant","DOAC_theoretical","aspirin_antiplatelet_theoretical","clopidogrel_antiplatelet_theoretical"]
photoallergy_risk
—
shelf_life_months
27
dominant_constituent
mixed_alkyl_alkenyl_disulfides
max_dilution_elderly
2
max_oral_dose_mg_day
—
max_dilution_child_2_6
0
odor_intensity_extreme
true
airtight_nitrogen_ideal
true
antioxidant_recommended
true
max_dilution_adult_face
1
max_dilution_child_6_12
1
contraindicated_pregnancy
true
max_dilution_child_under2
0
max_dilution_adult_general
3
max_dilution_breastfeeding
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_1st
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_2nd
0
max_dilution_pregnancy_3rd
0
contraindicated_peptic_ulcer
true
contraindicated_breastfeeding
true
contraindicated_children_under2
true
contraindicated_children_under6
true
acute_oral_ld50_rat_g_kg_oleoresin
1.4
sulfur_compound_combined_pct_range
["40","65"]
culinary_gum_dose_mg_day_traditional
50-200
contraindicated_haemorrhagic_disorder
true

Luận Giải Văn Cảnh

family

Apiaceae

extraction

hydro_or_steam_distillation_of_gum

latin_name

Ferula asa-foetida L.

phototoxic

plant_part

oleo_gum_resin_from_rhizome_taproot

iucn_status

not_listed_regional_concern

pinene_traces

chemistry_class

organosulfur_disulfide_dominant

storage_concern

sulfur_disulfide_autoxidation_and_permeation_tight_airtight_nitrogen_ideal

sourcing_concern

regional_wild_decline_plus_heavy_adulteration

adulteration_risk

flour_gum_arabic_bulkingF_galbaniflua_substitutionsynthetic_sulfide_flavoringrelated_Ferula_species_substitution

drug_interactions

warfarin_theoreticalDOAC_theoreticalaspirin_theoreticalclopidogrel_theoretical

anticoagulant_signal

mild_extrapolation_from_coumarin_content_of_gum_EO_minimal

dominant_constituent

mixed_alkyl_alkenyl_disulfides

folk_signal_strength

cross_cultural_consistent_Dioscorides_Avicenna_Ayurveda_TCM

phototoxic_rail_note

steam_EO_removes_furanocoumarin_hazard_via_distillation_fractionation_tincture_absolute_separate

species_complex_note

commercial_hing_may_include_closely_related_Ferula_species

dose_form_distinction

culinary_gum_safe_EO_restricted

odor_intensity_extreme

pregnancy_CI_dose_form

EO_dose_CI_culinary_gum_safe

authentication_required

GC_MS_sulfur_panel_plus_isotope_ratio_MS

odor_feature_not_defect

EO_oral_therapeutic_dose

not_recommended_concentrated_form

contraindicated_pregnancy

contraindicated_peptic_ulcer

oral_concentrated_EO_caution

dermal_sensitization_potential

moderate_aged_oil

contraindicated_severe_gastritis

oral_route_dose_form_distinction

culinary_gum_safe_concentrated_EO_avoid

culinary_tadka_mellowing_technique

sulfur_compound_combined_pct_range

4065

contraindicated_pregnancy_rationale

traditional_abortifacient_emmenagogue_cross_cultural_folk_CI

contraindicated_haemorrhagic_disorder

traditional_culinary_dose_mg_day_range

50200

contraindicated_concurrent_anticoagulants

Tài Liệu Y Khoa Tham Khảo

  • Tisserand & Young (2014) Essential Oil Safety 2nd ed — Ch.13 p.449
  • Rajanikanth (1984) — asafoetida volatile composition sulfur compounds [via B216]
  • Iranshahi (2004) Pharmaceutical Biology — Iranian asafoetida chemotype survey [via B216]
  • Iranshahi (2020) — Ferula asa-foetida pharmacological review
  • Mahendra & Bisht (2012) Pharmacognosy Reviews — Ferula asa-foetida traditional uses + pharmacology
  • Amalraj & Gopi (2017) Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine — Ferula asa-foetida pharmacological review
  • Dioscorides De Materia Medica — classical references to silphium/asafoetida