- Prunus dulcis var. amara, Rosaceae. Source: kernels — steam distillation WITHOUT the rectification step that removes hydrocyanic acid. "Bitter Almond Unrectified / Crude bitter almond oil / Hạnh nhân đắng thô". CONTRAINDICATED ALL ROUTES. Contains hydrocyanic acid (HCN) 2–4% = acute cyanide toxicity.
- Chemistry (Boelens 1993 — via B216): Benzaldehyde ~95% + Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) 2.0–4.0% + Benzoic acid ~1%. The HCN content is the only chemistry difference from FFPA — but it transforms the oil from "flavour-grade sensitizer" to "acute lethal cyanide source" at even modest doses.
- Hazards: ACUTE CYANIDE POISONING (potentially fatal). Contraindications: ALL ROUTES (topical + oral + inhalation) for ALL POPULATIONS. NOT safe at any dilution — DO NOT USE. One of the very few oils in B216 Chapter 13 with absolute all-population all-route prohibition.
- Cyanide-acute-toxicity rail (LIFE-SAFETY CRITICAL): HCN is a mitochondrial cytochrome-c-oxidase inhibitor — blocks cellular respiration at the terminal electron-transport step. Acute lethal oral dose in adults: ~50 mg HCN (LD50 ~1 mg/kg). At 4% HCN, 1.25 mL of unrectified oil contains 50 mg HCN — a teaspoon is a lethal dose. Symptoms: rapid breathing → headache → confusion → seizure → cardiac arrest → death within minutes at high exposure.
- Rectification-discriminator rail (CRITICAL): The ONLY commercially-legal bitter almond oil is FFPA (Free From Prussic Acid) — see [[almond-bitter-ffpa]]. Unrectified bitter almond is restricted / controlled in most jurisdictions (FDA + EU + Canada + UK all prohibit unrectified for food / cosmetic use). If a supplier offers "bitter almond oil" without FFPA certification + HCN quantitation on CoA, assume unrectified and refuse.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
- Họ thực vật
- Rosaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- —
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation_unrectified
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết
Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Spicy
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Piercing bitter almond, sharp marzipan edge, cold stone-fruit sweetness, hard metallic-sweet aldehyde, acrid undertow beneath the nutty warmth
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Hạnh nhân đắng xuyên thấu, sắc như marzipan cay đắng, vị ngọt hạt mận lạnh buốt, ngọt ngào cứng rắn ánh kim, hăng nồng ẩn sâu dưới lớp ấm ngậy
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
1/5
Da dầu/mụn
1/5
Da lão hóa
1/5
Da thường
1/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
1/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu Hạnh nhân đắng (THÔ — chứa HCN — CẤM DÙNG)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Analgesic (historical — academic only)
Benzaldehyde, the principal non-HCN constituent after amygdalin hydrolysis, was historically employed for topical pain relief; however the intact unrectified oil contains HCN 2–4% (Boelens 1993), making any safe therapeutic dose impossible to establish.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13 p.437; Boelens 1993 via B216
Antimicrobial — broad-spectrum (benzaldehyde, academic)
Benzaldehyde inhibits bacterial membrane dehydrogenase activity; in-vitro antimicrobial activity is documented for the isolated constituent (Ch.14 B216), but HCN 2–4% in the intact unrectified oil precludes safe application at any concentration.
Ref: class-extrapolation from benzaldehyde (Ch.14 Benzaldehyde profile via B216)
HCN systemic toxicity (hazard — not therapeutic)
HCN binds mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), blocking cellular respiration; acute toxicity occurs via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption, confirmed by rat oral LD50 0.96 g/kg (Jenner 1964). No therapeutic window exists.
Ref: WHO/CDC cyanide clinical toxicology; Jenner 1964 oral LD50 rat 0.96 g/kg via B216
AI-summary
No controlled clinical evidence exists for safe therapeutic use. The unrectified oil contains HCN 2–4% (Boelens 1993), confirmed acutely lethal in rodent studies (oral LD50 0.96 g/kg, Jenner 1964). HCN inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, causing cellular asphyxia. All major regulatory bodies prohibit use: FDA 21 CFR §582.20 bans HCN-containing bitter almond oil; EU Reg. (EC) No 1334/2008 bans unrectified bitter almond in food and flavoring; IFRA maintains an effective fragrance ban with no listed permitted use. Tisserand & Young (2014) Ch.13 p.437 list this oil as contraindicated across all populations. No safe therapeutic dose or application protocol has been established.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Uplifting
bittersweet nostalgiasharp alertnessintensitymelancholyremembrancedanger
Ngũ hành
kim
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion (PROHIBITED) | 0 drops — no safe dose exists | HCN volatilizes at room temperature; inhalation causes rapid systemic toxicity. Prohibited by FDA/EU/IFRA. Do not confuse with rectified bitter almond (HCN-free) — a distinct product. |
| Topical application (PROHIBITED) | 0% in any carrier — max dermal = 0% | Dermal HCN absorption is confirmed. No dilution renders this oil safe. FDA, EU, and IFRA prohibit all cosmetic and fragrance use. Contraindicated for all populations. Do not use. |
| Internal / Oral (PROHIBITED — acutely lethal) | 0 — lethal at very low doses | Oral LD50 rat 0.96 g/kg (Jenner 1964). Human fatalities from bitter almond ingestion are historically documented. EU Reg. 1334/2008 bans unrectified bitter almond in food. NEVER ingest. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
No carrier recommendedMax dermal = 0%; no dilution renders this oil safe for topical use. No carrier pairing is appropriate. Rectified bitter almond (HCN-free) is a distinct product requiring its own safety assessment.
Kết hợp tốt với
FloralResinousWoodySpicy
Blend kinh điển
—
—
—
—
[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.437
[Boelens] GC composition showing HCN 2-4% [via B216]
[Jenner] acute oral LD50 rat 0.96 g/kg [via B216]
[FDA 21 CFR §582.20] HCN-containing bitter almond oil prohibited
[EU Reg.] unrectified bitter almond banned in food
[IFRA] no listed use (effective ban from fragrance)
[WHO / CDC] cyanide clinical toxicology references (HCN mitochondrial inhibition mechanism + antidote)
An Toàn
Giới hạn da tối đa
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Giới hạn IFRA
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
Giới hạn độ tuổi
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Bảo quản
Bảo quản nơi tối, mát