- Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (syn. Carum copticum), Apiaceae. Source: seeds (fruit); steam distillation. "Ajowan / Ajwain / Bishop's weed / Tiểu hồi Ấn". Indian subcontinent spice oil — thymol-dominant phenol. NOT the same as European "Ammi visnaga" (khella) despite historical name overlap. Joins the thymol + carvacrol phenol cluster alongside oregano, thymol-CT thyme, savory.
- Chemistry (Lawrence 1989; Menon 2000 — via B216): Thymol 36.9–53.8% + γ-Terpinene 23.0–38.5% + p-Cymene 14.4–30.1% + β-Pinene 1.7–4.8% + β-Myrcene 0.6–3.9% + Limonene 0.1–2.3% + Carvacrol tr–1.8% + α-Pinene 0.4–1.5% + α-Terpinene 0.1–1.0%. Thymol + carvacrol combined ≈37–56% (dominantly thymol).
- Hazards: Skin + mucous-membrane irritant; drug interaction (anticoagulant — thymol). Contraindications: Pregnancy + lactation (all routes); children <2y (all routes). Max dermal 1.4% (T&Y — based on thymol + carvacrol combined × 1% phenol dermal limit). Max oral 62 mg/day (T&Y). Anticoagulant caution.
- Phenol-cluster dermal-cap rail: T&Y dermal 1.4% derived from phenol-cluster framework: phenol total × 1.0% dermal limit (Ch.14 Thymol + Carvacrol profiles). Applies equally to [[oregano]], [[thyme-thymol-ct]], [[savory]]. Skin irritation risk at >1.4%; never undiluted.
- Anticoagulant-drug-interaction rail (IMPORTANT): Thymol inhibits platelet aggregation + prolongs bleeding time (Okazaki 1998; Enomoto 2001). Caution in patients on warfarin, heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, NSAIDs. Oral administration + pre-surgical use both flagged. Closely parallels oregano + thyme-thymol-CT drug-interaction profile.
Tổng Quan
- Danh pháp khoa học
- Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill
- Họ thực vật
- Apiaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- —
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- steam_distillation
- Màu sắc
- —
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Nốt Top
- Hương thơm
- —
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- —
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
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Phân loại nốt
Top
Cường độ
4/5
Độ bền trên da
2–4 giờ
Họ hương
Phenolic-herbal
Hương đầu (Opening)(0–15 phút)
Fierce medicinal fire, sharp thyme-like pungency, dry biting warmth, boldly antiseptic spice, assertive earthy heat
Hương giữa (Heart)(15–60 phút)
Nóng bỏng dược liệu, cay gắt sắc bén như cỏ xạ hương hoang, nồng ấm khô ráo, gia vị sát khuẩn mạnh mẽ, đất cay gan góc bùng cháy
Hương nền (Drydown)(1–4 giờ)
2–4 giờ
Cường độ hương
4/5
Da khô
2/5
Da dầu/mụn
3/5
Da lão hóa
2/5
Da thường
3/5
Da nhạy cảm
1/5
Da hỗn hợp
2/5
Nhập khẩuImported
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Tinh dầu Tiểu hồi Ấn (Ajowan / Ajwain)
Pha Chế & Hòa Hợp
Antimicrobial — broad-spectrum
Thymol and carvacrol (phenolic monoterpenes) disrupt bacterial and fungal cell membrane integrity via lipid bilayer intercalation, conferring potent antimicrobial activity across Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
Ref: Ch.14 Thymol profile, Tisserand & Young 2014; Ch.14 Carvacrol profile, Tisserand & Young 2014
Antiplatelet
Thymol inhibits platelet aggregation, most likely via modulation of thromboxane/prostaglandin signalling pathways, conferring a mild anticoagulant-class risk at high systemic exposure.
Ref: Okazaki 1998; Enomoto 2001 [via B216, Tisserand & Young 2014]
CYP2C9 / CYP2D6 inhibition
Thymol inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, potentially increasing plasma levels of co-administered drugs including warfarin, codeine, and SSRIs.
Ref: Zárybnický 2018; Ch.14 Thymol profile, Tisserand & Young 2014
Anticarcinogenic (constituent-level)
Thymol has demonstrated anticarcinogenic activity in vitro; proposed mechanisms include apoptosis induction and reactive-oxygen-species scavenging in transformed cell lines.
Ref: Ch.14 Thymol profile, Tisserand & Young 2014
Rubefacient / counterirritant
High phenolic content (thymol + carvacrol) stimulates local vasodilation and warmth, producing the classic rubefacient response characteristic of phenol-rich essential oils.
Ref: class-extrapolation from thymol constituent class; Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13
Antispasmodic / carminative
Traditional Ayurvedic and Unani use attributes antispasmodic and carminative effects to ajowan fruit; thymol's smooth-muscle-relaxant activity in vitro is consistent with this traditional application.
Ref: Tisserand & Young 2014, Ch.13; class-extrapolation from thymol constituent data
AI-summary
No RCT-grade clinical evidence for whole-oil therapeutic use is present in the available §13 citations. Constituent-level data for thymol is the primary evidence base: Okazaki (1998) and Enomoto (2001) demonstrated thymol-mediated platelet aggregation inhibition in vitro; Zárybnický (2018) characterised CYP2C9/CYP2D6 inhibition by thymol. Anticarcinogenic activity is noted in Tisserand & Young 2014 Ch.14 Thymol profile as a constituent-class property. Acute oral LD50 in rat is 1.63 g/kg (Jenner 1964), indicating moderate acute toxicity consistent with a high-phenol oil. No controlled human studies for the whole essential oil were located in the provided sources.
NarrativeTâm trạng: Stimulating, Uplifting
alertnessvitalityfortitudeclarityresiliencevigor
Chakra
solar
Ngũ hành
hoa
| Phương pháp | Liều lượng | Ghi chú |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion | 2-3 drops per 100 ml water | Sparing use; short sessions (15-20 min) in well-ventilated space only. Avoid continuous diffusion. Contraindicated around children and pregnant women due to phenolic vapour load. |
| Topical massage | 0.5-1% in carrier oil (max 1.4% adult) | Dilute to max 1.4%; apply to chest, upper back, or extremities. Avoid face and mucous membranes. Patch test required. Contraindicated in pregnancy and children. |
| Inhalation (direct) | 1-2 drops on tissue or inhaler stick | Short spot inhalation only (1-2 min). Not suitable for children or pregnant women. Prolonged exposure may irritate mucous membranes due to phenolic vapour concentration. |
| Warm compress | 2-3 drops in 500 ml warm water, applied via cloth | For localised warming or chest application; ensure adequate water dilution before soaking cloth. Monitor skin reaction carefully given phenolic irritation risk. |
Dầu nền phù hợp
JojobaHighly stable wax ester with long shelf life; non-comedogenic; forms a protective film that buffers phenolic irritation at the skin interface.
Sweet Almond OilEmollient, skin-softening base that moderates the warming/irritant potential of thymol-rich oils; widely available with low sensitization risk.
Fractionated Coconut OilOxidation-stable, fast-absorbing; ideal dilution carrier for phenol-dominant oils requiring precise low-concentration control.
Argan OilRich in oleic acid and tocopherols; skin-protective antioxidant profile complements the potentially pro-oxidant phenolic load at higher concentrations.
Kết hợp tốt với
HerbaceousEarthyWoodyCitrusCamphoraceous
Blend kinh điển
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[Tisserand & Young] Ch.13 p.435
[Lawrence] GC composition [via B216]
[Jenner] acute oral LD50 rat 1.63 g/kg [via B216]
[Okazaki] thymol platelet-aggregation inhibition [via B216]
[Ch.14 Thymol profile] 1.0% dermal limit + 0.8 mg/kg oral NOAEL + CYP2C9/2D6 inhibition + anticarcinogenic [via B216]
[Ch.14 Carvacrol profile] 1.0% dermal limit shared with thymol [via B216]
[Zárybnický] thymol CYP inhibition profile
An Toàn
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Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Tam cá nguyệt 1Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 2Unknown
Tam cá nguyệt 3Unknown
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